[P] Week 4: Neoplasia - Part 2 Flashcards
EVASION OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE
In tumor cells, as they proliferate, there is selective
outgrowth of?
Antigen-negative variants
EVASION OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE
cells that do not exhibit antigens that can be recognized by the cells of our immune system, which are the ones that proliferate
Antigen-negative variants
EVASION OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE
There is loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules (MHC class I), it will escape what killing cell?
escape CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
they dont hace mhc c1 kasi kaya antigen will not be displayed and makaktakas from cytoxic t cell reaction
EVASION OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE
The activation of immunoregulatory pathways can inhibit tumor immunity. This can be done by:
- Upregulated CTLA4 on T cells (binds to B7)
- Upregulated PDL1 and PDL2 (binds to PDR on T cells)
EVASION OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE
To prevent a successful display of antigen of B7 wirth CD28 what molecule competes with the binding to inhibit immune response
CTLA4 inaagaw niya yung place of CD28 “the kabit”
EVASION OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE
- Secretion of what Immunosuppressive factors
- Induction of what immunosuppressive regulatory cell
- TGFb
- Regulatory T cells
CANCER-ENABLING INFLAMMATION
Proposed cancer-enabling effects of inflammatory cells and resident stromal cells include the following:
Release of ____ ____ that promote proliferation
growth factors
CANCER-ENABLING INFLAMMATION
Proposed cancer-enabling effects of
inflammatory cells and resident stromal cells include the following:
Removal of ____ ____
Growth suppressors
CANCER-ENABLING INFLAMMATION
Proposed cancer-enabling effects of
inflammatory cells and resident stromal cells include the following:
Enhanced resistance to ____ ____
cell death
CANCER-ENABLING INFLAMMATION
Proposed cancer-enabling effects of
inflammatory cells and resident stromal cells include the following:
Inducing ____
Angiogenesis
CANCER-ENABLING INFLAMMATION
Proposed cancer-enabling effects of
inflammatory cells and resident stromal cells include the following:
Activatin ____ and ____
Invasion and Metastasis
CANCER-ENABLING INFLAMMATION
Proposed cancer-enabling effects of
inflammatory cells and resident stromal cells include the following:
Evading ____ destruction
IMMUNE DESTRUCTION
due to TGF beta and M2 Macrophages
Enumerate the Carcinogenic Agents
- Chemical Carcinogenesis
- Radation Carcinogenesis
- Microbial Carcinogenesis
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
- do not require metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic.
- Most are weak carcinogens, but some are important because they are cancer chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., alkylating agents).
Direct-Acting Carcinogens
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
- require metabolic conversion to become active carcinogens; the carcinogenic products are called ultimate carcinogens.
- Some of the most potent indirect chemical carcinogens—the polycyclic hydrocarbons—are present in fossil fuels.
Indirect-Acting Carcinogens
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
what are the examples stated with indirect acting carcinogens?
- Benzopyren (from tobacco and sigaretes)
- Polycyclic hydrocarbons (from animal fats - inihaw shits)
RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS
carcinogenic because of its ability to cause pyrimidine dimers to form in DNA. It is implicated in some
cancer
Derma reco the use of sunscreen
UVB light
RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS
Electromagnetic (x-rays, γ rays) and particulate (α particles, β particles, protons, neutrons) radiations are
all carcinogenic.
Ionizing Radiation
MICROBIAL CARCINOGENESIS
Firmly implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer in humans
HTLV-1
MICROBIAL CARCINOGENESIS
Associated with squamous cell carcinoma and cervical cancer
HPV
MICROBIAL CARCINOGENESIS
Associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
MICROBIAL CARCINOGENESIS
Liver cancer
Hepatitis B and C
MICROBIAL CARCINOGENESIS
Adenocarcinoma in stomach
Helicobacter pylori
GRADING AND STAGING OF TUMORS
Grading of a cancer is based on the degree of?
Differentiation
GRADING AND STAGING OF TUMORS
Tumors may be reported as:
a) Well-differentiated: ?
b) Moderately differentiated: ?
c) Poorly-differentiated: ?
a) Well-differentiated: 1
b) Moderately differentiated: 2
c) Poorly-differentiated: 3
The higher the number, the poorer the differentiation
The staging of solid cancers is based on what factors? enumerate
- Size of the primary lesions
- Spread to regional lymph node
- Presence or Absence of blood-borne metastases
The major staging system currently in use is the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging. This system uses a classification called the?
TNM system
what does TNM system stands for?
T - Primary tumor
N - Regional lymph node involvement
M - Metastases
STAGE
If u see this card
check nalang on how yung grading 1 to 4 lang naman
