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P&R Flashcards

1
Q

Who was plato?

A

Ancient Greek philosopher 428-348 BC. Founded the academy of Athens. Taught Aristotle and was a student of Socrates

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2
Q

Plato’s allegory of the cave meanings

A

Prisoners - humans
Escaper prisoner - philosophers
Cave - our physical world
Shadows - illusions
Sun - the truth or the good
Fire — temporary source of light

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3
Q

Rationalists

A

Knowledge based on reason
Logic
A priori (before experience)
Knowledge you are born with
Plato, Hypatia,Descartes
PHD

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4
Q

Empiricists

A

Knowledge based on experience
Senses
A posteriori (after experience)
The mind is a blank slate at birth
Aristotle, Aquinas, Locke, Hume,
HALA

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5
Q

Satre and de Beauvoir beliefs

A

Satre and de Beauvoir believed that there is no creator in charge, we are totally free and we make our own essence.

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6
Q

Quotes by S and D

A

Existence precedes essence - satre
Life is an unscripted performance - satre

One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman - de Beauvoir

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7
Q

Existentialism notes

A

Dialects - someone puts for an idea and people respond. Everything has an essence - a certain set of core properties that is necessary or essential for a thing to be able is in the 19th century. N said that life is meaningless however in the 20th S and D and both said that life has any meaning if you choose to give it the meaning that God made the universe or our world or us with any particular purpose in mind

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8
Q

Nietzsche quotes and thoughts

A

His studies taught him that different societies prized different values. Nietzsche preferred the idea of “eternal recurrence”
‘, meaning that this life is
the only reality, but it will be repeated forever. He urged people to live life as a work of art. Nietzsche’s “superman” was a lover of life and would welcome the chance to repeat it in every detail. Nietzsche’s transvaluation of value is, thus, a critique of Christian religious and traditional moral values. The superman, who initiates this transvaluation, recognizes himself as “will to power” and this makes the will to power a key concept in Nietzsche’s philosophy

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9
Q

What was the Socratic method

A

Asked many questions all the time and challenged the answers. This is known as the Socratic method. He never write anything down but plato did for him

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10
Q

Socrates in happiness

A

Moral goodness or virtue is the only way to true happiness

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11
Q

Hypatia

A

Wanted the same recognisatioj as men. Empiricist

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12
Q

Aquinas

A

Made the cosmological argument

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13
Q

Locke

A

Started a new way of thinking where one clears the mind to find out how people got to know things
Knowledge begins with the senses

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14
Q

Hume

A

Wrote just after Locke and was influenced by him. He disagreed with decartes and believed that knowledge comes from experience

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15
Q

Kant

A

Strong opinions on morality.
World is perceived different by everyone
Influenced by Hume
Combines Empiricism and Rationalism

Kant worked to show that knowledge comes from the use of reason and our experience, synthesized together

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16
Q

Existence preceded essence

A

You decide who you want to be
Start with a blank personality
Create yourself

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17
Q

Life is an unscripted performance

A

We can do what we want. This is called living authentically. Bad faith is the opposite.

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18
Q

Wittgenstein

A

Looked into how we communicate
Problems sometimes caused boy not having a clear enough picture of what people mean

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19
Q

Freud

A

Believed god did not exist
Dream analysis
The iceberg

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20
Q

Marx

A

Religion is the opium of the masses
Atheists

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21
Q

Caste system order

A

Bhramins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, shudras, - Dalits

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22
Q

More on caste system

A

A Varna or caste is a social group within Hindu society. There are four main traditional castes and thousands of subgroups, called jat or jati, within these. You are born into the system. In Hindu countries today, there are laws around employment and not discriminating against caste, but it remains highly influential in Hindu society. Hindus believe in reincarnation (which we will look at next lesson), and believe that a favourable reincarnation (in your future life) comes from performing well in your current life. People gain a favourable reincarnation by their karma (work) and dharma (the Hindi word for religion, but here it means duty)

The Rig Veda (oldest and most sacred Hindu scripture) describes the whole of society as if it were a human body:
● The teachers and priests are like the head.
● The warriors and leaders are like the upper body.
● The merchants, traders and farmers are like the
strong legs.
● The manual workers and labourers are like the
feet.

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23
Q

Dalits

A

The Dalits are a large group in Hindu society, making up over 15% of India’s population. The word ‘Dalit’ literally means ‘the broken’.
It is a name that Dalits choose for themselves, replacing older very negative terms. They are excluded from the caste system and they have experienced persecution.
They are sometimes referred to as the ‘fifth varna’. The population are the most deprived in Hindu society, and although their treatment has improved, they still face discrimination, abuse and segregation from other sections of society

24
Q

Karma

A

An example of these guidelines is the concept of karma. A Hindu’s actions will result in either good or bad karma, depending on the action. Hindus believe they should use their free will to act in the best possible way in order to receive good karma. the universal causal law by which good or bad actions determine the future modes of an individual’s existence.

Jainism - believe karma is physical and good and bad karma stick to you

25
Q

Reincarnation (Hinduism)

A

A Hindu’s ultimate goal is to be free from suffering, which they can only achieve after death and after they have had many lifetimes of good karma. This freedom from suffering is known as moksha, which is also one of the four aims of life.
Hindus believe life is a cycle in which they are born, live, die and are reborn. The cycle is called samsara. They can only escape this cycle through gaining good karma achieved through many lifetimes of developing knowledge, wisdom and not causing suffering to others. Hindus believe that at some point they will not be reborn into another living being, but escape the life cycle and achieve moksha. At that point, their atman will join up with Brahman.

26
Q

The founder of Sikhism

A

Guru Nanak was the first of 10 spiritual leaders, known as the 10 Gurus.
He Founded Sikhism in 1499 after he received a message from God.
Many Hindus and Muslims converted to his teachings.

27
Q

The teachings of the 10 gurus

A

The key teachings of the 10 gurus can be found in the Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib.
What do you know about this from the video?
● That religion should unite, not divide.
● That charity or community involvement is more valuable
than ritual/asceticism.
● Equality for all - regardless of gender or religion. This
includes:
○ Rejection of the Caste System, rejection of gendered
roles in religion.
● There is one god who is without form or gender. Therefore:
○ Do not worship multiple idols, there is truth in all religions, and all lead to the one truth.

28
Q

Basic beliefs of Sikhism

A

• a blending of Hinduism and Islam
• is monotheistic
• beliefs: karma, samsara, moksha (Sikhism calls this mukti), equality
• rejects: caste system, idol worship

There is Only One God.
Equality of humankind.
Freedom and Liberty for all.
Speaking out against injustice and standing up for the defenceless is considered a Sikh’s duty.
Condemnation of superstitions and blind rituals.
Intoxications such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are strictly forbidden.

29
Q

Aims of life for Sikhs

A

• Goal of Sikhism:
To have good karma
• To break the cycle of reincarnation:
Moksha
• How to break the cycle of reincarnation:
• Charity
• Meditation (Communal)

30
Q

The 5s of Sikhism

A

Sikhism preaches that there is one God but that he is formless. That is why the Sikhs do not worship idols.
The five evils are the five major weaknesses of the human personality at variance with its spiritual essence.
The common evils far exceed in number, but a group of five of them came to be identified because of the obstruction they are believed to cause in man’s pursuit of the moral & spiritual path.
Sikhs must try and live by 5 virtues to achieve good karma and escape samsara

31
Q

Articles of faith

A

• Kesh - uncut hair: Sikhs do not cut hair or beards to remain in the image that god gave us
• Kanga - comb, made of wood - to keep uncut hair neat and clean
• Kara - bracelet, made of steel worn on right hand –a reminder of noble actions, a symbol of eternity and connection to God
• Kuchha – under-shorts (boxers) to represent modesty and fidelity
• Kirpan - ceremonial small blunt knife symbolizing freedom, liberty and justice

32
Q

Guru

A

Spiritual leaders. There are 10.

33
Q

Waheguru

A

One god worshipped by all. The great one, king of kings

34
Q

Golden temple

A

Holiest place
Decorated in pure gold
Everyone’s dream to go there once in their lives. Is a gurdwara

35
Q

Equalty

A

Boys and girls treated the same. Everyone equal in the eyes of god

36
Q

Service

A

Sewa- serving others (often making meals)

37
Q

The Guru Granth Sahib

A

Contains all wisdom of the 10 gurus. Holy book, respected, respected like a human guru. Head covered shoes off. Contains sacred hymns and teachings from people of other religions. Carried in the head.

38
Q

Shabads

A

Hymns

39
Q

Gurbani

A

Teaching of the guru.

40
Q

Akhand path

A

A day after the Guru Granth Sahib is read out in full. 2.5 days

41
Q

Key beliefs about god in Sikhism

A

One god. Worshipped when you pray. Believe that all religions are worshiping the same god but by different names. God is the creator. Immortal without form

42
Q

Gurdwara

A

The temple/place of worship. Means home of the guru. Everyone is welcome. Take shoes off and wash hands and cover hair when entering.
Langar - feeding people/meal in the gurdwara
Everyone sits on the floor
Equality
Food sometimes taken to the street

43
Q

Jainism

A

Jainism is an ancient religion from India that teaches that the way to liberation and bliss - Moksha - is to live lives of harmlessness and renunciation.
The essence of Jainism is concern for the welfare of every being in the universe and for the health of the universe itself.
All Jains attempt to live lives which reduce harm to others. This teaching is known as Ahimsa.

44
Q

Souls

A

Jains believe that animals and plants, as well as human beings, contain living souls. Each of these souls is considered of equal value and should be treated with respect and compassion - from humans to insects.
All Jains are therefore strict vegetarians and live in a way that minimises their use of the world’s resources.

45
Q

Ahimsa for Jain monks and nuns

A

They will gently sweep the ground in front of them as they walk in case they tread on an ant, or any other insect in their path.
Jain monks and nuns are forbidden from eating vegetables grown underground - such as potatoes - because pulling them up will cause harm to the soil and numerous very small creatures.
They avoid eating raw food, and do not cook for themselves - instead, relying on gifts of food from others.
A Jain monk or nun will often wear a mask over their face to ensure they do not accidentally swallow an insect, or disturb insects with their breath.

46
Q

The divine

A

Jains do not believe in a God or gods in the way that many other religions do. There is no God that created or maintained the universe, for example.
Instead, for Jains, the universe is self regulating and there is no God that judges the quality of one’s life. Instead, one’s life, death and rebirth is determined by one’s Karma.
Jains believe in the cycle of Samsara, and that one can escape the cycle of life, death, by attracting good karma and avoiding bad karma, eventually reaching Moksha.
They also attempt to follow the teaching and example of enlightened teachers, the 24 Tirthankaras.

47
Q

Karma for Jains

A

Jains believe that karma is a physical substance that is everywhere in the universe. Karma particles are attracted to the jiva (soul) by the actions of that jiva.
It may be helpful to think of karma as floating dust which sticks to the soul, or as types of atomic particle which are attracted to the soul as a result of our actions, words and thoughts. On their own, karma particles have no effect but when they stick to a soul they affect the life of that soul. Depending on the action a soul does, it can attract good or bad karma particles.

48
Q

The 24 Tirthankaras

A

A Tirthankara is an ordinary soul that is born as a human and attains the state of a Tirthankara as a result of intense practices of penance, equanimity and meditation. Mahavir is the last of the 24 reigning tirthankaras and in the next cycle, expected to come into force in roughly 84,000 human years a new set of 24 tirthankaras will be born.
Tirthankara means a saviour who has succeeded in crossing over life’s stream of rebirths and has made a path for others to follow. Tirthankaras are often described as ford builders

49
Q

What did Nietzsche call the higher beings

A

The supermen

50
Q

What did he think about the rich and poor

A

He thought that being rich was evil and poor is humble

51
Q

What did he say about gods (nits he)

A

He thought that Dionysus and Apollo represented the two sides of the human personality
D — chaos
A — order and harmony

52
Q

Superheros

A

We all have the potential to become superheroes but only some people have the ability to overcome problems and become one. Evolutions is not complete

53
Q

Who is the atman in Hinduism

A

Soul or spirit. True person inside an individual. Made of the spirit of the bhraman who is theThe ultimate god and is everlasting. When a person dies, the atman of them moves into another body/being

54
Q

Ahimsa in hunduism is non violence

A
55
Q

Aims of life in Hinduism

A

Dharma: fulfilling moral duties
Artha : gaining wealth in an honest way
Kama : enjoying pleasures
Moksha

Revision (6 decks)

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