P-BOK Flashcards

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1
Q

acontecer

A

To happen take place occur come about unfold transpire (v)

eu aconteço
tu aconteces
ele/ela/você acontece

nós acontecemos
vós aconteceis
eles/elas/vocês acontecem

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2
Q

forward of, in front of, to the front of

A

para a frente

É uma polka com sete passos para a frente e para trás.
It’s a polka with seven steps forward and backward.*

Agora o pé oposto é para a frente e repita o movimento.
Now the opposite foot is forward and repeat the movement.

Inspirando tirar a mão esquerda para a frente e fechar o punho.
By inspiring take the left hand forward and close the fist.

Propus, então, que fossemospara a frente com esta alteração.
I proposed that we should move forward with this amendment.

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3
Q

além disso

A

What’s more, besides

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4
Q

além disso

A

besides

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5
Q

apesar de

A

in spite of, despite

O lugar é calmo apesar de estar perto da estação ferroviária.
The place is quiet despite being close to the train station.

E, apesar de todo o esforço, não pôde sair.
And, despite all the effort, could not get out.

Esse assunto nunca veio novamente apesar de várias tentativas para perguntar.
That subject never came up again despite several attempts to inquire.

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6
Q

because

A

porque

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7
Q

by the way, about, in this regard

A

a propósito

Kardec menciona, a propósito do assunto, o exemplo abaixo.
Kardec mentions, concerning the matter, in the example below.

Em certa medida, isto vem a propósito do debate anterior.
I say this with a slight reference to the preceding debate.

Poucas questões do foro jurídico se colocam a propósito deste relatório.
There are few legal questions raised in connection with this report.

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8
Q

conhecer

A

To know, be aware of, to meet (v)

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9
Q

connosco

A

with us

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10
Q

conseguimos

A

“We got [it]”

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11
Q

conseguir

A

to get, to achieve, can make it, be able to

*eu consigo
Não, eu consigo ver claramente que isso é uma ilusão.
No, I can see clearly that this is an illusion.

tu consegues
Eu sei que tu consegues sarar de um ou dois tiros.
I know that you can heal from one or two shots.

*ele/ela consegue
É como ela consegue contactar com os espíritos dos mortos.
That’s how she can contact the spirits of the dead.

nós conseguimos
Quero que fabrique várias fraudes que só nós conseguimos identificar.
I want you to make several clever fakes that only we can identify.

*eles/elas conseguem
Se você e ele conseguem resolver os problemas que você pode ter que viver juntos, então você deve estar em casa livre.
If you and him manage to work through problems that you might have living together, then you should be home free.

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12
Q

conter

A

to contain

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13
Q

convosco

A

with you (2nd. pl)

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14
Q

deixar

A

let, leave stop, allow, cease (v, r)

Como sempre, deixo aqui uma pequena sinopse e o trailer
As always, I leave here a little synopsis and trailer.

Não deixes que as culpas caiam sobre os ombros da equipa.
Do not let the fault fall into your teams shoulders.

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15
Q

demais

A

too much

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16
Q

demesiado

A

too much

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17
Q

desejar

A

To wish (v, r)

Qualquer um pode colher e distribuir seus benefícios se assim desejar.
Anyone can reap and distribute their benefits if they so desire.

E eu desejo a todos o melhor em suas novas empreitadas.
And I wish them all the best in their new endeavors.

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18
Q

destacar

A

Highlight, feature, emphasise (v, r)

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19
Q

Dizer

A

to say (v)
eu *digo
tu dizes
ele *diz
nós dizemos
eles dizem

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20
Q

embora

A

although

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21
Q

encontrar

A

Find, encounter (v, r)

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22
Q

enganar

A

to deceive (v, r)

Satanás virá para enganar, se possível, os próprios escolhidos.
Satan will come in to deceive if possible the very elect.

E não foi minha intenção enganar quem quer que fosse.
It wasn’t my intention to deceive anyone, sir.

Não enganas ou iludas os utilizadores do Pinterest.
Don’t deceive or confuse people on Pinterest.

Tu corretamente dizes que se eu afirmar que nunca pequei, eu engano a mim mesmo e Te acuso de mentir.
You rightly say that if I claim to have never sinned, I deceive myself and accuse you of lying.

Nós não eliminamos a cura divina simplesmente porque ele engana e cura através dos poderes malignos.
We do not eliminate divine healing just because he deceives and heals through evil powers.

Quantas vezes nos enganamos e ganhamosfalso ao custo do original.
How often we are deceived and acquirea fake at the cost of the original.

Como tal, ele e seu batalhão enganaram Sabo para capturar Luffy.
As such he and his battalion engaged Sabo to capture Luffy.

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23
Q

estar

A

to be (temp, v)

*eu estou
*tu estás
*ele/ela/você está

nós estamos
*eles/elas/vocês estão

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24
Q

Fazer

A

to do, to make (v)
*eu faço
tu fazes
*ele/ela faz
nos fazemos
eles/elas/vocês fazem

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25
Q

tom

A

hue

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26
Q

apesar de

A

in spite of

E, apesar de todo o esforço, não pôde sair.
And, despite all the effort, could not get out.

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27
Q

ir

A

to go (v)

*eu vou
My karate background gives me confidence when I go in there.
Minha formação no caratê me dá confiança quando eu vou lá.
*tu vais
E é por isso que, no fim, tu vais falhar.
And that’s why, in the end, you will fail.
*ele/ele/voce vai
Rashad wants a book, so he goes to the library.
Rashad quer um livro, então ele vai para a biblioteca.
*nos vamos
But in our time, we go toward a social medicine.
Mas no nosso tempo, nós vamos em direção da medicina social.
*eles/elas/vocês vão
This is my team, and they go where I tell them.
Essa é minha equipe e eles vão onde eu digo.

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28
Q

ler

A

to read (v)

*eu leio
*tu lês
*ele/ela/você lê
nós lemos
*eles/elas/vocês lêem

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29
Q

nenhum

A

none or not any

Os veganos não comem nem usam nenhum produto derivado de animais.
Vegans do not eat or use any products derived from animals.

Não contém nenhum dado pessoal, informação econômica ou de saúde.
It does not contain any personal, economic or health data.

Você não tem que começar a ler nenhum livro sobre isso.
You don’t have to start reading any book about it.

Eu viajei o ano inteiro e não revelei nenhum filme ainda.
I traveled all year and I still haven’t revealed any.

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30
Q

on purpose

A

de propósito

É a primeira vez que me fazem um terno de propósito.
The first time I ever had a suit made on purpose.

Minha luta é para que as obras não fiquem atrasadas de propósito.
My struggle is that the works are not delayed on purpose.

Mas meu pai me fazia atravessar a praça de propósito.
But my father would make me cross the square, on purpose.

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31
Q

ouvir

A

to hear (v)
*eu ouço
tu ouves
ele ouve
nòs ouvimos
eles ouvem

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32
Q

poder

A

to be able to, can (v)
*eu posso

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33
Q

Poor, pitiful

A

coitado

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34
Q

pôr

A

to put (v)
*eu ponho
*tu pões
*ele/ela/você põe

*nós pomos
*eles/elas/vocês põem

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35
Q

saber

A

to know (v)
*eu sei

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36
Q

seja

A

“that is, in other words”

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37
Q

ser

A

to be (perm, v)

eu sou
tu és
ele/ela/você é
nós somos
eles/elas/vocês são

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38
Q

shade or tint

A

matiz

Misturar diferentes variações de cinza com uma matiz cria um tom.
Blending different variations of gray with a hue creates a tone.

O parâmetro altera todas as cores com o mesmo valor de matiz.
The parameter shifts all colors by the same hue value.

Podemos dizer que intensidade é uma combinação entre matiz e saturação.
We can say that intensity is a combination of hue and saturation.

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39
Q

so much

A

tanto

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40
Q

stomach

A

a barriga, o estâmago

41
Q

tal

A

such

Se você prefere uma tal textura, usá-los com muito cuidado.
If you prefer such a texture, use them very carefully.

Esta é uma decisão estratégica que deve ser reconhecida enquanto tal
This is a strategic decision that should be recognized as such.

De qualquer forma, é muito difícil de descrever tal experiência.
>Anyway, it is very hard to describe such an experience.

Nenhuma cena se passa diante dos nossos olhos de tal devastação.
Not one scene is played before our eyes of such devastation.

Você não pode usar o serviço onde tal uso é ilegal.
You may not use the service where such use is illegal.

As inovações estão a seu alcance se você buscar tal propósito.
Innovation is always reachable if you search for such a purpose.

42
Q

tanto

A

so much, both

E estas forças estão tanto no universo quanto dentro de nós.
And these forces are both in the universe and within us.

Esta lição pode igualmente inspirar tanto a criança quanto o growno.
This lesson can equally inspire both the child and the grown.

Tivemos um cruzeiro, então ficamos aqui tanto indo e voltando.
We had a cruise so stayed here both going and returning.

Se calhar, vão acabar tanto em digital como em papel.
Maybe they’ll end up in both digital and print formats.

É tanto moderno quanto funcional, sem nunca perder sua elegância.
It is both modern and functional without ever losing its elegance.

43
Q

ter

A

to have (v)
*eu tenho
*tu tens
*ele/ele tem
nos temos
*eles/eles/vocês têm

44
Q

Reverse

to deceive

A

enganar (v)

45
Q

Reverse

to hide

A

esconder

46
Q

Reverse

to notice or understand (perceive)

A

perceber

47
Q

Reverse

to refuse (negate)

A

negar-se

48
Q

To stay, to be left, to be located, to get [some state]

A

Ficar (v, r)

eu fico
Às vezes, eu fico zangada com ela por nos deixar.
Sometimes, I get angry at her for leaving us.

tu ficas
A partir de agora, tu ficas no teu lado do hospital.
From now on, you stay on your side of the hospital.

ele/ela/você fica
Perceba se ele fica com ciúmes quando você paquera outras pessoas.
Notice if he gets jealous when you flirt with other people.

nós ficamos
Então nós ficamos lá pelo que pareceu ser uma vida.
Thus we stayed there for what appeared to be a lifetime.

eles/elas/vocês ficam
Mas mesmo assim, eles ficam felizes em revê-los.
Still, they are delighted to revisit them.

49
Q

trazer

A

to bring (v) bring take “bring in”

eu trago
tu trazes
*ele/ela/você traz
nós trazemos
eles/elas/vocês trazem

50
Q

ver

A

to see (v)

eu vejo
tu vês
ele/ela/você vê
nós vemos
eles/elas/vocês vêem

51
Q

vir

A

to come (v)

eu venho
tu vens
*ele/ela/você vem

nós vimos
eles/elas/vocês vêm

52
Q

why

A

porque

53
Q

pedir

A

to request / order (v)
*eu peço

54
Q

dormir

A

to sleep (v)
*eu durmo

55
Q

conseguir

A

to be able to (v,r)

eu consigo
tu consegues
ele/ela/você consegue
nós conseguimos
eles/elas/vocês conseguem

56
Q

sair

A

to leave (v)
eu saio
tu sais
*ele/ela/você sai
nós saímos
eles/elas/vocês saem

57
Q

cair

A

to fall (v)

eu caio
tu cais
ele/ela/você cai

nós caímos
eles/elas/vocês caem

58
Q

conduzir

A

to drive (v)

eu conduzo
tu conduzes
*ele/ela/você conduz
nós conduzimos
eles/elas/vocês conduzem

59
Q

fugir

A

to escape (v)
*eu fujo
*tu foges
*ele/ela/você foge
nós fugimos
*eles/elas/vocês fogem

60
Q

subir

A

to go up, to climb, to rise (v)

Se você quer subir a montanha tem que olhar para cima.
If you want to climb a mountain you must look up.

Ele então viu as almas que tentavam subir a escada vermelha.
He then saw souls who tried to climb the red ladder.

Mas cuidado, pois o nível de dificuldade continuará a subir.
Just be aware, the difficulty level will continue to climb.

Você também pode subir nas nuvens para recolher os presentes.
You can also climb on the clouds to collect the gifts.

Pisar nos outros para subir desperta o desejo de vingança.
Stepping on others to climb awakens the desire for revenge.

A taxa não vai subir acima nem descer abaixo deste corredor.
The rate will not rise above or sink below this corridor .

61
Q

dar

A

to give (v) dar - to give
*eu dou
*tu dás
*ele/ela/você dá
nós damos
*eles/elas/vocês dão

62
Q

querer

A

to want (v)
eu quero
tu queres
*ele/ela/você quer
nós queremos
eles/elas/vocês querem

63
Q

Juízo

A

judgement

64
Q

Batota

A

Cheating

65
Q

nonsense, rubbish, hogwash

A

asneira

66
Q

went (to go(p.p.))

A

ir (same as was)

eu fui
tu foste
ele/ela/você foi

nós fomos
eles/elas/vocês foram

67
Q

PPS -ar

A

First conjugation (-ar):
-ei,
-aste,
-ou,

-amos,
-aram.

68
Q

PPS -er

A

Second conjugation (-er):
-i (es escrevi, I wrote)
-este (tu escreveste, you wrote)
eu (ele escreveu, he wrote)

-emos (nòs escrevemos, we wrote)
-eram (eles escreveram, they wrote)

69
Q

PPS -ir
(Partir (to leave, depart)
Abrir (to open)
Discutir (to discuss)
Decidir (to decide)
Desistir (to give up)
Assistir (to attend, watch)
Dividir (to divide)
Permitir (to allow, permit)
Existir (to exist)
Insistir (to insist))

A

Third conjugation (-ir):
-i,
-iste,
-iu,

-imos,
-iram.

70
Q

to be (PPS) (also, to have)

A

ser - sido

eu fui
tu foste
ele/ela foi

nós fomos
eles/elas foram

71
Q

to have (PPS)

A

eu tinha
tu tinhas
ele tinha

nós tínhamos
eles tinham

72
Q

apesar de

A

in spite of

73
Q

Direct / Indirects

A

Grammatical Person | Indirect Object | Direct Object
——————–|——————–|—————-
1st Person Singular | me | me
2nd Person Singular | te | te
3rd Person Singular | lhe | o (m), a (f)
1st Person Plural | nos | nos
2nd Person Plural | vos | vos
3rd Person Plural | lhes | os (m), as (f)

74
Q

Types of personal pronouns in Portuguese

A
  • Subject pronouns (eu, tu, ele/ela, nós, vós, eles/elas)
  • Object pronouns (me, te, o/a, nos, vos, os/as)
  • Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, vos, se)
    Example: Eu (subject) me (reflexive) visto. (I dress myself)
75
Q

Object Pronouns
Pronouns representing direct or indirect objects: Object Pronouns

A

Object pronouns in Portuguese:
1. Direct object pronouns:
- me, te, o/a (lo/la after verbs ending in ‘r’, ‘s’, or ‘z’), nos, vos, os/as
- Replace direct objects: Vi o filme -> Vi-o (I saw the film -> I saw it)

  1. Indirect object pronouns:
    • me, te, lhe, nos, vos, lhes
    • Replace indirect objects: Dei o livro ao João -> Dei-lhe o livro (I gave the book to João -> I gave him the book)
  2. Placement:
    • Usually before the verb: Ele me viu. (He saw me)
    • Attached after with infinitives, gerunds, and affirmative imperatives: Quero vê-lo. (I want to see him)
    • In compound tenses, placed before the auxiliary verb or attached to the participle: Tinha-o visto or O tinha visto. (I had seen him)
  3. Contractions of direct and indirect pronouns:
    mo, ma, mos, mas (me + o/a/os/as)
    to, ta, tos, tas (te + o/a/os/as)
    lho, lha, lhos, lhas (lhe + o/a/os/as)
  4. Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, vos, se) often function as object pronouns:
    Eu me visto. (I dress myself)
  5. Personal infinitive:
    When the subject of the infinitive is different from the main clause:
    É importante eles fazerem o trabalho. (It’s important for them to do the work)

Examples:
- Eu vi-o ontem. (I saw him yesterday)
- Deram-nos os livros. (They gave us the books)
- Vou dizê-lo a ela. (I’m going to tell it to her)

76
Q

Verb Conjugations
Front: Key concept in European Portuguese grammar: Verb Conjugations

A

Verb conjugations in Portuguese are complex and crucial:
- Regular verbs: Follow predictable patterns (-ar, -er, -ir endings)
- Irregular verbs: Have unique conjugations
- Tenses: Present, Past (Perfeito, Imperfeito), Future, Conditional
- Moods: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative
- Person and Number: Changes for eu, tu, ele/ela, nós, vós, eles/elas
Examples:
- Regular (falar - to speak): eu falo, tu falas, ele/ela fala
- Irregular (ser - to be): eu sou, tu és, ele/ela é
- Different tense (falei - I spoke, falarei - I will speak)

77
Q

Gender and Number Agreement
Front: Rule for nouns, adjectives, and articles in Portuguese: Gender and Number Agreement

A

All elements must agree in gender and number:
- Nouns: Have inherent gender (masculine or feminine) and can be singular or plural
- Articles: Change form to match noun (o, a, os, as)
- Adjectives: Change endings to match noun (-o, -a, -os, -as)
- Some nouns change form in plural (ão -> ães, ões, or ãos)
Examples:
- O gato preto (the black cat, m. sing.) -> Os gatos pretos (m. plural)
- A casa bonita (the beautiful house, f. sing.) -> As casas bonitas (f. plural)
- O cão (the dog) -> Os cães (the dogs)

78
Q

Personal Pronouns
Front: Types and usage of personal pronouns in Portuguese

A

Personal pronouns in Portuguese are diverse:
1. Subject pronouns:
- eu, tu, você, ele/ela, nós, vós, vocês, eles/elas
- Often omitted as verb conjugations indicate the subject
2. Object pronouns:
- Direct: me, te, o/a, nos, vos, os/as
- Indirect: me, te, lhe, nos, vos, lhes
3. Reflexive pronouns:
- me, te, se, nos, vos, se
4. Prepositional pronouns:
- mim, ti, ele/ela, nós, vós, eles/elas
Examples:
- Eu (subject) me (reflexive) visto. (I dress myself)
- Ele deu-me (indirect) o livro. (He gave me the book)
- Vi-o (direct) ontem. (I saw him yesterday)
- Este presente é para mim (prepositional). (This gift is for me)

79
Q
  1. Prepositions
    Important elements in Portuguese sentence structure: Prepositions
A

Prepositions in Portuguese:
- Connect words and show relationships in sentences
- Often contract with articles:
a + o = ao, de + a = da, em + o = no, por + a = pela
- Common prepositions and their basic meanings:
em (in, on), de (of, from), para (to, for), com (with), por (by, through)
- Some verbs require specific prepositions
Examples:
- Vou ao (a + o) cinema. (I’m going to the cinema)
- Venho da (de + a) escola. (I’m coming from school)
- Gosto de café. (I like coffee) - ‘gostar’ always uses ‘de’
- Penso em você. (I think about you) - ‘pensar’ uses ‘em’

80
Q

Present Tense
Basic tense for describing current actions or states: Present Tense

A

The present tense in Portuguese:
1. Regular verbs:
- -ar verbs: eu falo, tu falas, ele/ela fala, nós falamos, vós falais, eles/elas falam
- -er verbs: eu como, tu comes, ele/ela come, nós comemos, vós comeis, eles/elas comem
- -ir verbs: eu parto, tu partes, ele/ela parte, nós partimos, vós partis, eles/elas partem
2. Common irregular verbs:
- ser (to be): sou, és, é, somos, sois, são
- ir (to go): vou, vais, vai, vamos, ides, vão
- ter (to have): tenho, tens, tem, temos, tendes, têm
3. Uses:
- Current actions: Eu falo português. (I speak Portuguese)
- Habitual actions: Ele come pão todos os dias. (He eats bread every day)
- Near future: Amanhã vou ao médico. (Tomorrow I’m going to the doctor)
- Universal truths: A Terra gira em torno do Sol. (The Earth revolves around the Sun)

81
Q

Past Tenses
Front: Two main past tenses in Portuguese: Pretérito Perfeito and Pretérito Imperfeito
Back: Past tenses in Portuguese have distinct uses

A
  1. Pretérito Perfeito:
    • Completed actions in the past
    • Regular endings: -ei, -este, -ou (ar verbs), -i, -este, -eu (er/ir verbs)
    • Example: Eu falei com ele ontem. (I spoke with him yesterday)
  2. Pretérito Imperfeito:
    • Ongoing or habitual past actions
    • Describes past states
    • Regular endings: -ava, -avas, -ava (ar verbs), -ia, -ias, -ia (er/ir verbs)
    • Example: Quando era criança, eu comia muito chocolate. (When I was a child, I used to eat a lot of chocolate)
  3. Comparison:
    • Perfeito: Ontem, fui ao cinema. (Yesterday, I went to the cinema) - single, completed action
    • Imperfeito: Antigamente, ia ao cinema todas as semanas. (In the past, I used to go to the cinema every week) - habitual action
  4. Some verbs change meaning depending on which past tense is used:
82
Q

Future Tense
Front: Ways to express future actions in Portuguese: Future Tense

A

Future tense in Portuguese has two main forms:
1. Simple Future:
- Formed by adding endings to the infinitive: -ei, -ás, -á, -emos, -eis, -ão
- Example: Eu falarei com ele amanhã. (I will speak with him tomorrow)
- Often used in formal writing or to express probability
Person Singular Plural
1st eu ficarei nós ficaremos
2nd tu ficarás vós ficareis
3rd ele/ela ficará eles/elas ficarão
2. Periphrastic Future:
- Formed with ir (to go) in present tense + infinitive of main verb
- More common in everyday speech
eu vou ficar nós vamos ficar
tu vais ficar vós vais ficar
ele/ela vai ficar eles/elas vão ficar
3. Irregular verbs in simple future:
- dizer (to say): direi, dirás, dirá, diremos, direis, dirão
- fazer (to do/make): farei, farás, fará, faremos, fareis, farão
4. Other ways to express future:
- Present tense + future time expression: Amanhã vou ao médico. (Tomorrow I go to the doctor)
- Haver de + infinitive: Hei de conseguir. (I will manage to do it)

83
Q

Subjunctive Mood
Verb mood used for uncertainty, desire, or emotion: Subjunctive Mood

A
84
Q

Ser vs. Estar
Two verbs meaning “to be” in Portuguese: Ser vs. Estar

A

Ser and Estar both mean “to be” but have distinct uses:
1. Ser:
- Permanent or inherent characteristics
- Profession, nationality, religion
- Material, possession
- Time and dates
Examples:
- Ela é bonita. (She is beautiful - inherent quality)
- Sou professor. (I am a teacher - profession)
- O carro é dele. (The car is his - possession)
- Hoje é segunda-feira. (Today is Monday - date)

  1. Estar:
    • Temporary states or conditions
    • Location (for people and movable objects)
    • Progressive tenses
      Examples:
    • Ela está cansada. (She is tired - temporary state)
    • Estou em Lisboa. (I am in Lisbon - location)
    • Está chovendo. (It is raining - progressive)
  2. Some adjectives change meaning with ser/estar:
    • Ela é rica. (She is rich - wealthy in general)
    • Ela está rica. (She is rich - recently acquired wealth)
  3. Conjugation in present tense:
    Ser: sou, és, é, somos, sois, são
    Estar: estou, estás, está, estamos, estais, estão
85
Q

100 most common words

A

o/a - the
de - of, from
que - that, which
e - and
em - in, on
um/uma - a, an, one
para - for, to
com - with
não - no, not
se - if, oneself
na - in the (feminine)
por - by, for
mais - more
as - the (feminine plural)
os - the (masculine plural)
do - of the (masculine)
como - how, as
mas - but
ao - to the (masculine)
ele - he
das - of the (feminine plural)
à - to the (feminine)
seu - his, her, your
sua - his, her, your (feminine)
ou - or
ser - to be (essence)
quando - when
muito - very, much
há - there is/are
nos - in the (plural), us
já - already, now
está - is (temporary state)
eu - I
também - also, too
só - only, just
pelo - by the (masculine)
pela - by the (feminine)
até - until, even
isso - that
ela - she
entre - between
era - was (imperfect)
depois - after, afterwards
sem - without
mesmo - same, even
aos - to the (masculine plural)
ter - to have
seus - his, her, your (plural)
quem - who
nas - in the (feminine plural)
me - me
esse - that (near you)
eles - they (masculine)
estão - are (temporary state, plural)
você - you (formal)
tinha - had (imperfect)
foram - were (preterite)
essa - that (feminine, near you)
num - in a (masculine)
nem - neither, nor
suas - his, her, your (feminine plural)
meu - my (masculine)
às - at the (feminine plural)
minha - my (feminine)
têm - have (plural)
numa - in a (feminine)
pelos - by the (masculine plural)
elas - they (feminine)
fazer - to do, to make
tudo - everything
esta - this (feminine)
cada - each
sobre - about, on
outras - others (feminine)
então - then
modo - way, manner
bem - well
ainda - still, yet
isto - this
partir - to leave, to break
dois - two
onde - where
pois - because, well
tempo - time, weather
porque - because
faz - does, makes
favor - favor
ir - to go
ver - to see
agora - now
eu - I
tu - you (informal)
ele/ela - he/she
nós - we
vós - you (plural, formal)
eles/elas - they
aqui - here
ali - there
lá - there (farther)
hoje - today

86
Q

Subject Pronouns

A
  1. Subject pronouns:
    • eu, tu, você, ele/ela, nós, vós, vocês, eles/elas
    • Often omitted as verb conjugations indicate the subject
87
Q

Direct Object Pronouns

A

me,
te,
o/a,
nos,
vos,
os/as

88
Q

Indirect Object Pronouns

A

me,
te,
lhe,
nos,
vos,
lhes

89
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

me,
te,
se,

nos,
vos,
se

90
Q

Prepositional pronouns

A

mim,
ti,
ele/ela,

nós,
vós,
eles/elas

91
Q

“To-go” as in “take-away” food, etc.

A

Para levar

92
Q

How do you say…

A

Como se diz…
Como dizer…

93
Q

Demonstratives

A

This: Este, esta, isto (near speaker)
These: Estes, Estas (near speaker)
That: Esse, Essa, isso (near listener)
That: Aquele, aquela, aquilo (far from both)
Those: esses, essas (near listener)
Those: aqueles, aquelas (far from both)

94
Q

Some, any, a bit

A

Algum, Alguma, Alguns, Algumas

95
Q

There (as in, “put the thing there”).

A

ali

96
Q

Mim vs me

A

use “mim” instead of “me” when it follows a preposition. Here’s a simple way to remember it:

“Me” is used as a direct or indirect object of a verb.
“Mim” is used after a preposition.
Examples:

Ele me viu. (He saw me.)
Ele deu o livro para mim. (He gave the book to me.)

Common prepositions that require “mim”:

a (to)
após (after)
até (until)
com (with) - Exception: use “comigo”
contra (against)
de (of, from)
desde (since)
em (in, on)
entre (between)
para (for, to)
perante (before)
por (by, for)
sem (without)
sob (under)
sobre (about, on)
trás (behind)

97
Q

Porque vs. Porquê

A

Because vs. why
Mnemonic: The makes it go up, like a question

98
Q

PPS (all regular)

A

Certainly! I’d be happy to describe the “pretérito perfeito” (past perfect) tense in European Portuguese and provide a table with the conjugations for the three regular verb classes.

The pretérito perfeito in Portuguese is equivalent to the simple past tense in English. It’s used to describe completed actions in the past.

Here’s a table showing the conjugations for the three regular verb classes (-ar, -er, -ir):

Here are some key points about the pretérito perfeito:

  1. The endings are the same for all regular verbs within each conjugation (-ar, -er, -ir).
  2. The stem of the verb (the part before the -ar, -er, or -ir) usually remains unchanged.
  3. Note the accent on the first person plural (nós) form of -ar verbs: falámos. This distinguishes it from the present tense (falamos).
  4. The tu and vós forms are used in European Portuguese but are less common in Brazilian Portuguese.

It’s worth noting that while these are the regular conjugations, Portuguese has many irregular verbs in the pretérito perfeito, which would need to be learned separately.

Would you like me to provide examples of how to use these conjugations in sentences, or do you have any questions about the pretérito perfeito tense?

Person | -ar (falar) | -er (comer) | -ir (partir) |
|————-|————–|————–|————–|
| eu | falei | comi | parti |
| tu | falaste | comeste | partiste |
| ele/ela/você| falou | comeu | partiu |
| nós | falámos | comemos | partimos |
| vós | falastes | comestes | partistes |
| eles/elas/vocês| falaram | comeram | partiram |

99
Q

Conseguir vs Poder

A

both “conseguir” and “poder” are modal verbs, but they have distinct meanings and uses. Let me explain the differences:

  1. Conseguir:

“Conseguir” generally means “to manage to,” “to be able to,” or “to succeed in” doing something. It implies overcoming some difficulty or challenge.

  • It focuses on the result or achievement of an action.
  • It often suggests effort or attempting to do something.
  • It’s used when talking about abilities that are acquired or developed.

Example:
“Finalmente consegui terminar o relatório.” (I finally managed to finish the report.)

  1. Poder:

“Poder” typically means “can” or “to be able to” in the ** sense of having permission, opportunity, or the general ability to do something.**

  • It’s more about possibility, permission, or general capability.
  • It doesn’t necessarily imply effort or difficulty.
  • It’s often used for inherent abilities or external circumstances that allow or prevent an action.

Example:
“Posso sair mais cedo hoje?” (Can I leave early today?)

Key differences:

  1. Effort and achievement:
    • “Conseguir” implies effort or overcoming a challenge.
    • “Poder” doesn’t necessarily imply effort.
  2. Focus:
    • “Conseguir” focuses on the result or success of an action.
    • “Poder” focuses on the possibility or permission to do something.
  3. Context:
    • “Conseguir” is often used for specific instances or achievements.
    • “Poder” is more general and can be used for ongoing abilities or permissions.
  4. Negation:
    • “Não consegui” means “I didn’t manage to” or “I failed to.”
    • “Não pude” means “I couldn’t” or “I wasn’t able to” (often due to external factors).

Examples to illustrate the difference:

  1. “Não consigo abrir esta porta.” (I can’t manage to open this door. - Implying you’re trying but failing)
    “Não posso abrir esta porta.” (I can’t open this door. - Implying it’s not allowed or physically impossible)
  2. “Consegues falar inglês?” (Can you speak English? - Asking about acquired ability)
    “Podes falar inglês?” (Can you speak English? - Asking if it’s possible right now or if you’re willing to)

In many contexts, these verbs can be interchangeable, but native speakers would choose one over the other based on the nuances they want to convey. The choice between “conseguir” and “poder” can subtly change the meaning or implication of a sentence.