p block elements Flashcards
what are natural sources of boron
borate minerals like borax
why do some heavy elements like Tl have an ON of +1
due to the inert pair effect
what is the inert pair effect
the tendency of heavier main group elements to retain their valence s electrons in bonding situations leading to greater stability of lower oxidation states
what is d block/f block contraction
it occurs due to the poor shielding effect of the d and f electrons, and results in smaller atomic radii for elements in these blocks
what configuration do group 13 elements have
ns2np1
what oxidation state do group 13 elements commonly have
+3
what are industrial applications of boron
boric acid (H3BO3), used for disinfectant, insecticide, or a starting material for fiber glass, and boron containing glasses (borsilicate glasses) which are resistant to thermal shock
what is bauxite
a hydrated form of Al2O3
how do we convert bauxite to Al
reduction
what is common of aluminum alloys
they are strong, lightweight, and when oxidized are resistant to corrosion
what is the only common oxidation state of Al
+3
what configurations do group 15 elements have
ns2np3
what are the oxidation states of nitrogen and phosphorus
-3 to +5
why is nitrogen unreactive
it has a strong triple bond
what is white phosphorus
it is a white, waxy, highly toxic solid with a low melting point. it glows faintly
what is the structure of white phosphorus
discrete tetrahedral p4 clusters
why is P4 highly reactive
it’s narrow bond angles of 60° are incompatible with any localized bonding scheme, so the bonds are strained
is P4 polar
no
what is red phosphorus
a red non-toxic solid with a high melting point and its structure consists of polymeric chains of clusters where bonds are no longer strained
how do we extract phosphorus
through a reduction process
what oxidation states does phosphorus exhibit in its 2 common oxides
+3 and +5
what is nitrous/phosphorous acid
a weak acid with N/P in the +3 oxidation states
what is nitric acid
a strong acid with N in the +5 oxidation states, it is also a strong oxidizing agent
what is phosphoric acid
a weak acid with P in the +5 oxidation state
what electron configuration do elements in the group 16 have
ns2np4
what oxidation state does sulfur exhibit in covalent compounds
-2 to +6
are O2 and O3 paramagnetic or diamagnetic
O2: paramagnetic
O3: diamagnetic
