Ozone and Smog

Question 1

Stratospheric Ozone (O3)

Answer 1

“Good ozone” from the second layer of atomsphere
Uses Sunlight, O2 and O
Natural: Chemical reactions in the atmosphere
Human caused: Use of ozone depleting substances ( CFC’s HCFC’s, and CH3
Effects: Blocks UV-B & UV-C radiation
Ozone depletion reduces our barrier

O2+O= O3

O2+ sunlight= O+O

Question 2

Human Sources of O3 depletion

Answer 2

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Refrigerants, aerosols, solvents, foam blowing agents
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): Used to replace CFCs. Have lower ozone depleting properties
Methyl Bromide (CH3Br): Ag pesticides
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4): Industrial solvent
Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)
Halons: Fire extingher

Question 3

Troposphere Ozone (O3)

Answer 3

Bad/ ground level ozone
Ozone in 1st layer atomsphere
Formed using VOCs, SOx,NOX, and sunlight
Natural: Volcanic eruptions
HUman Causes: Emissions from vehicles, solvents, power plants
Effects: Reduced plant growth
Smog formation
Respiratory issues

Question 4

Smog

Photochemical smog

Answer 4

Brown haze formed when sunlight interacts with NOx & VOC
(form with many pollutant)
Natural: Volacanic eruption
Human: Combustion (NOx & SOx) and use of VOC containing products
Effect: reduce photosynthesis
respiratory & cardiac issues
Enhances urban heat island effect
Causes thermal temperature inversions

VOCs + NOx + Sun → O3 + HNO3 + organics

Question 5

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)

Answer 5

Organic chemicals containing carbon
Nautral: Trees (Isoprene, Benzene) attract pollinators o repel pest
Human: Scent and orders ( from things), Buliding materials, personal care products, fuels, machinery
Effects: Component of smog formation
Respiratory issues

Question 6

Smog Occurrence

Local topography

Answer 6

Low lying cities restrict airflow allows smog to bulid up more easily
New Orleans, Copenhagen

Question 7

Smog Occurrence

Climate

Answer 7

NOx comes in the early morning and later ozone concertration peaks in afternoon and summer becasue of sunlight exposure

Question 8

Smog Occurrence

Population density

Answer 8

Smog is more prevalent in urban cities bc of proxitmty and urban heat island effect

Question 9

Smog Occurance

Fossil fuel use

Answer 9

In Urban areas there are more veichals and indusrial facities which leads to Smog

Cities have high Urban heat effect
Rural has the
least

Question 10

Thermal Inversion

Answer 10

A warm air mass moves over a dense, cold air mass near earth’s surface trapping the cold air lower down (Inverting normal gradient)

Question 11

Location of Thermal Inversion

Answer 11

Clear nights: no clouds
Valleys: cool air sinks -> and wind cannot move air
Coastal areas: sea blows cold air and moutains keep it there

Question 12

Lead (PB)

PRIMARY

Answer 12

Metal released in particulate matter
Natural: underground
Human: lead battery manufacture, veichle industrial metals processing, cement & glass factories, lead products
Effects: Nervous & immune system Neurological & kidney damage
Reproduction damage for plants, animals, & humans

Question 13

Particulate Matter

PM 10 & PM 2.5

Answer 13

Airborne particles (dust, dirt, soot, smoke, mold, pollen)
Natural: PM10 - dust from construction sites, ag land, brush burning, pollen, or bacteria
PM2.5 - combustion (vehicles or factories)
Humans: Caget to lung bc its small and cause respiratory issues
PM2.5: small enough to cause chronic illness
Reduce crop productivity & cause water turbidity

Pm 10: < 10 micrometers
PM 2.5: < 2.5 micrometers