OZ6: Haloalkanes + Polarity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a haloalkane?

A

An alkane with at least one hydrogen atom replaced by a halogen

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2
Q

How do you name a haloalkane?

A
  • Longest part of the carbon chain = last part of the compound’s name
  • Add “chloro-“, “bromo-“, “iodo-“ or “fluoro-“ depending on which halogen is bonded to it
    (If more than one list in alphabetical order)
  • Show the halogen position by adding numbers
  • If more than one of the same halogen, use “di” for 2, “tri” for 3, “tetra” for 4
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3
Q

How does boiling point change down Group 7?

A

Increases down the group

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4
Q

Why do larger molecules have higher boiling points than smaller ones?

A
  • Larger surface area
  • Bigger exposed electron cloud
  • Stronger instantaneous dipole-induced dipole bonds
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5
Q

Why does boiling point increase down Group 7?

A
  • Atomic radius increases
  • Number of electron shells increase
  • Larger electron clouds
  • Stronger instantaneous dipole-induced dipole bonds=harder to break
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6
Q

Define “electronegativity”

A

The measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons in a covalent bond to itself

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7
Q

How is electronegativity measured?

A
  • Using the Pauling Scale

- The higher the electronegativity value, the more electronegative the element

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8
Q

How does electronegativity change across a period?

A

Increases from left to right

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9
Q

Why does electronegativity increase across a period?

A
  • Atomic cores are attracted to shared electrons in covalent bonds
  • The two atoms bonded together have different sized cores
  • The core of a smaller atom is closer to the shared electron and so exerts a stronger pull on them and is more electronegative
  • Atomic radius decreases across a period
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10
Q

How does electronegativity change down a group?

A

Decreases down the group

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11
Q

How does electronegativity decrease down a group?

A
  • Atomic cores are attracted to shared electrons in covalent bonds
  • The two atoms bonded together have different core charges
  • Shared electrons are attracted more strongly by the atom with the greater core charge
  • Core charge decreases down the group
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12
Q

Why are molecules with similar/identical electronegativities non polar?

A
  • Electrons sit midway between the two nuclei, at equal distance between them
  • Because they are equally attracted to both nuclei
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13
Q

Why are molecules with different electronegativities polar?

A
  • Bonding electrons are pulled more towards the more electronegative atom
  • The electrons are spread unevenly so each atom has a partial charge
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14
Q

Define “dipole”

A

Difference in charge between two atoms caused by a shift in electron density in the bond

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15
Q

How does the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms affect the polarity of the bond?

A

The greater the difference in electronegativity, the greater the shift in charge, so the more polar the bond

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16
Q

If the difference in the electronegativity of two atoms according to the Pauling Scale is more than x, then they will form a polar bond. What is x?

A

0.4

17
Q

What does a molecule need to have in order to be polar?

A

A permanent charge across the molecule

18
Q

How must the polar bonds be orientated in a molecule for it to be polar?

A

Pointing in the same direction

19
Q

How must the polar bonds be orientated in a molecule for it not to be polar and why?

A
  • Pointing in the opposite direction

- The charges cancel each other out so there is no permanent charge across the molecule

20
Q

What type of molecules are always non polar?

A

Symmetrical molecules

21
Q

What is a permanent dipole?

A

Two atoms in a bond have substantially different electronegativities

22
Q

What is an instantaneous dipole?

A
  • Electrons in charge clouds are always moving in constant motion
  • Electrons in an atom at a particular instant are not evenly distributed
  • One end has a greater negative charge than the other
    at one instant
23
Q

What is an induced dipole?

A
  • An initially unpolarised molecule ends up next to a dipole
  • Dipole repels/attracts electrons in unpolarised molecules, inducing a dipole in it - two dipoles then attract
  • If the delta positive end faces the unpolarised molecule, electrons will move to the closest end of the molecule polarising it
24
Q

What are intermolecular bonds?

A

Forces between molecules

25
Q

Why do stronger intermolecular bonds have higher melting points?

A

More energy needed to break them

26
Q

Name 3 types of intermolecular bonds?

A
  • Instantaneous dipole - induced dipole bonds
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Permanent dipole - permanent dipole bonds
27
Q

Where are instantaneous dipole - induced dipole bonds present?

A

In between all molecules

28
Q

What are permanent dipole - permanent dipole bonds?

A

Weak electrostatic forces of attraction between polar molecules

29
Q

What is the relationship between the length of a carbon chain and the alkane’s boiling point?

A

The longer the carbon chain the higher the hydrocarbon boiling point

30
Q

Why do longer carbon chained alkanes have a higher boiling point?

A
  • Stronger instantaneous dipole - induced dipole bonds
  • Because more molecular surface area leads to a bigger exposed electron cloud
  • More energy needed to break these bonds
31
Q

What is the relationship between the “branchedness” of an alkane and its boiling point?

A
  • The more branched the alkanes the lower the boiling point
32
Q

Why do more branched alkanes have a lower boiling point?

A
  • Branched alkanes cannot pack as closely together
  • So there are less points of contact between molecules so less instantaneous dipole-induced dipole bonds
  • Molecular surface area of branched alkanes is also smaller so there are fewer instantaneous dipole-induced dipole bonds
33
Q

Describe a method for comparing strengths of intermolecular bonds between substances.

A
  • Wrap a piece of filter paper around a thermometer’s bulb
  • Dip it in one of the liquids to be tested
  • Record the initial temperature
  • Remove the thermometer and saturated filter paper from the liquid
  • Leave them at room temperature and record the temperature again
  • After 5 minutes, calculate the temperature change
  • The greater the change in 5 mins, the faster the rate of evaporation, so the weaker the intermolecular bonds in the liquid