oxygenation_csv Flashcards
Ventilation
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
Perfusion
The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Diffusion
Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
Work of breathing
NAME?
Surfactant
Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.
Atelectasis
Collapse of the alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Compliance and airway resistance
Compliance: Ability of lungs to distend or expand in response to intraaveolar pressure
Inspiration/expiration
Inspiration = An active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta; a passive process for expiration
Pulmonary circulation
Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange
Oxygen transport
Lungs and cardiovascular system
Carbon dioxide transport
Diffuses into red blood cells and is hydrated into carbonic acid
tidal, residual, forced vital capacity (FVC)
Tidal: Amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration.
Carbon dioxide transport
Respiratory Gas Exchange
Neural regulation
Central nervous system controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.
Chemical regulation
Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
Oxygenated blood (blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide) then travels from the _____to the _____and the _____.
Cardiopulmonary physiology involves delivery of deoxygenated blood (blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen) to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs, where it is oxygenated.
Myocardial pump
Two atria and two ventricles
Coronary artery circulation
Coronary arteries supply the myocardium with nutrients and remove wastes.
Myocardial blood flow
Unidirectional through four valves
Systemic circulation
Arteries and veins deliver nutrients and oxygen and remove waste products.
Cardiac output
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute
Stroke volume
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction
Cardiac output (CO) =
Stroke volume (SV) _ Heart rate (HR)
Afterload
Preload
Autonomic nervous system
Influences the rate of impulse generation and the speed of conduction pathways
Sympathetic nervous system
Increases the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of the atria and ventricle
Parasympathetic system
Decreases the rate and innervates atria, ventricles, and sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
Conduction system
Originates with the sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker and is transmitted to the atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers
An electrocardiogram (ECG) reflects
the electrical conduction system of the heart.
Influences of chronic diseases
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
Hypoxia
Hypoxia
Cyanosis
Blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
Disturbances in conduction
Caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)
Altered cardiac output
Insufficient volume is ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation; the result of left-sided or right-sided heart failure
Impaired valvular function
Acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation
Myocardial ischemia
Coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands; results in angina, myocardial infarction (MI) and/or acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Factors influencing oxygenation:
Physiological
Developmental Factors
Infants and toddlers
Cardioprotective nutrition =
Diets rich in fiber; whole grains; fresh fruits and vegetables; nuts; antioxidants; lean meats; and omega-3 fatty acids
People who exercise for
30 to 60 minutes daily have a lower pulse rate and blood pressure, decreased cholesterol level, increased blood flow, and greater oxygen extraction by working muscles
______
Smoking
The incidence of pulmonary disease is higher
in smoggy, urban areas than in rural areas.
Assessment In-depth history of a patient’s normal and present cardiopulmonary function
Past impairments in circulatory or respiratory functioning
Auscultation
Physical Examination
Blood tests
CBC
Imaging
Chest x-ray
Noninvasive
TB skin test
Nursing Diagnosis and Planning Activity intolerance
Impaired gas exchange
Decreased cardiac output
Impaired spontaneous ventilation
Fatigue
Impaired verbal communication
Dyspnea management
Hydration
Airway maintenance
Humidification
Mobilization of pulmonary secretions
Nebulization
Tracheal
Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal
Tracheostomy
Oral airway
Maintenance and Promotion of Lung Expansion
Ambulation
Chest tube
A catheter placed through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, to prevent air from re-entering, or to re-establish intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures
Maintenance
Oxygen therapy
Know venturi face mask
book
Beneficial effects for patients with
Indications
steps 1,2,3
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Restorative and Continuing Care
Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
Perform
Ask about
Safety Guidelines
Patients with sudden changes in their vital signs, level of consciousness, or behavior are possibly experiencing profound hypoxia.
