Oxygenation - Perfusion Flashcards
The role of blood
+ Deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout body
+ transport waste (i.e. carbon dioxide) back to lungs to be exhaled
What are clotting factors?
+12 factors that work alongside platelets to form clots and repair damage
+ Examples: fibrinogen and prothrombin
Components of the blood, and blood contents that are part of the immune system
+ Liquid: plasma and water
+ cells/forms:
- leukocytes/WBCs
- erythrocytes/RBCs
- platelets
What makes up plasma
+ Albumin
+ globulin
+ fibrinogen
+ other clot factors
What is erythropoiesis?
+ Process of RBC production
Where are RBC’s made?
+ bone marrow – myeloid tissue
What is the hormone secreted by kidneys that increases rate of production of RBCs in response to decrease of oxygen in tissues?
+ Erythropoietin
From where is erythropoietin released?
Kidneys
What does erythropoietin do?
+ Controls rate of production of RBCs
What stem cell is in the bone marrow that differentiates to make all blood parts?
 Hemocytoblast
What does a hemocytoblast use to become an immature RBC
+ Amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, B12, folic acid, iron
What is the process of an immature RBC, becoming a mature RBC
Immature RBCs eject their nuclei and organelles as they leave bone marrow and enter circulation
What is special about an RBC that is different from all other cells of the body
They are non-nucleated I don’t have organelles
What happens to body to trigger ⬆️ erythropoiesis
+ Decreased oxygen in the tissues
+ EXAMPLE: hypoxia at high altitude, increases red blood cells from demand for more oxygen in order to breathe
What is perfusion?
+ Delivery of blood to a capillary bed and tissue
+ passage of fluid through vascular bed of tissues
+ measured as blood volume x time x mass of tissue being perfused — mL/min/mg
***What is hemoglobin?
PROTEIN THAT:
+ transports oxygen & carbon dioxide
+ maintains normal pH
***What is HEMOGLOBIN?
Where do you find it?
What is its role?
- “Heme” (iron) “globin” (protein)
- In red blood cells
- Carry oxygen and deliver it to all body cells
Normal hemoglobin range - adults
+ Male: 13 to 18
+ female: 12 to 16
What is hematocrit?
What are normal levels?
+ ratio/% of RBCs to WHOLE blood volume
+ Male: 45 to 52
+ female: 37 to 48
What causes low hematocrit
+ Fluid retention
+ anemia
+ hemorrhage
+ pregnancy
What does it mean when your hematocrit is high?
+ Dehydration
+ polycythemia
+ low oxygen availability: COPD, high-altitude, smoking
What does it mean when your hemoglobin is low?
+ Fluid retention
+ anemia
+ hemolysis of RBCs
+ hemorrhage 
What does it mean when your hemoglobin is high?
+ Dehydration
+ polycythemia
+ overuse of certain drugs
What is essential for the survival of all cells in the body?
+ Red blood cells
+ they carry oxygen and remove waste (carbon dioxide)
+ cells die in a low oxygen/high waste environment
