Oxygenation - Perfusion

Question 1

The role of blood

Answer 1

+ Deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout body
+ transport waste (i.e. carbon dioxide) back to lungs to be exhaled

Question 2

What are clotting factors?

Answer 2

+12 factors that work alongside platelets to form clots and repair damage
+ Examples: fibrinogen and prothrombin

Question 3

Components of the blood, and blood contents that are part of the immune system

Answer 3

+ Liquid: plasma and water
+ cells/forms:
- leukocytes/WBCs
- erythrocytes/RBCs
- platelets

Question 4

What makes up plasma

Answer 4

+ Albumin
+ globulin
+ fibrinogen
+ other clot factors

Question 5

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 5

+ Process of RBC production

Question 6

Where are RBC’s made?

Answer 6

+ bone marrow – myeloid tissue

Question 7

What is the hormone secreted by kidneys that increases rate of production of RBCs in response to decrease of oxygen in tissues?

Answer 7

+ Erythropoietin

Question 8

From where is erythropoietin released?

Answer 8

Kidneys

Question 9

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 9

+ Controls rate of production of RBCs

Question 10

What stem cell is in the bone marrow that differentiates to make all blood parts?

Answer 10

 Hemocytoblast

Question 11

What does a hemocytoblast use to become an immature RBC

Answer 11

+ Amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, B12, folic acid, iron

Question 12

What is the process of an immature RBC, becoming a mature RBC

Answer 12

Immature RBCs eject their nuclei and organelles as they leave bone marrow and enter circulation

Question 13

What is special about an RBC that is different from all other cells of the body

Answer 13

They are non-nucleated I don’t have organelles

Question 14

What happens to body to trigger ⬆️ erythropoiesis

Answer 14

+ Decreased oxygen in the tissues
+ EXAMPLE: hypoxia at high altitude, increases red blood cells from demand for more oxygen in order to breathe

Question 15

What is perfusion?

Answer 15

+ Delivery of blood to a capillary bed and tissue
+ passage of fluid through vascular bed of tissues
+ measured as blood volume x time x mass of tissue being perfused — mL/min/mg

Question 16

***What is hemoglobin?

Answer 16

PROTEIN THAT:
+ transports oxygen & carbon dioxide
+ maintains normal pH

Question 17

***What is HEMOGLOBIN?
Where do you find it?
What is its role?

Answer 17

1. “Heme” (iron) “globin” (protein)
2. In red blood cells
3. Carry oxygen and deliver it to all body cells

Question 18

Normal hemoglobin range - adults

Answer 18

+ Male: 13 to 18
+ female: 12 to 16

Question 19

What is hematocrit?
What are normal levels?

Answer 19

+ ratio/% of RBCs to WHOLE blood volume
+ Male: 45 to 52
+ female: 37 to 48

Question 20

What causes low hematocrit

Answer 20

+ Fluid retention
+ anemia
+ hemorrhage
+ pregnancy

Question 21

What does it mean when your hematocrit is high?

Answer 21

+ Dehydration
+ polycythemia
+ low oxygen availability: COPD, high-altitude, smoking

Question 22

What does it mean when your hemoglobin is low?

Answer 22

+ Fluid retention
+ anemia
+ hemolysis of RBCs
+ hemorrhage 

Question 23

What does it mean when your hemoglobin is high?

Answer 23

+ Dehydration
+ polycythemia
+ overuse of certain drugs

Question 24

What is essential for the survival of all cells in the body?

Answer 24

+ Red blood cells
+ they carry oxygen and remove waste (carbon dioxide)
+ cells die in a low oxygen/high waste environment

Question 25

What is a physiological response to low oxygen environment?

Answer 25

+ ⬆️ production of erythropoietin hormone to ⬆️ production RBCs & Hgb concentration in the blood

Question 26

Why do immature RBCs eject their nuclei and organelles when entering the bloodstream to become mature cells?

Answer 26

+ to be able to carry oxygen

Question 27

When RBCs are worn out, what happens to them?

Answer 27

+ They are lysed in the liver and spleen
+ Iron & B12 are recycled for use in new cells
+ bile carries away waste

Question 28

What is anemia?

Answer 28

⬇️ in total number of circulating RBC’s from:
+ ⬇️ production of RBCs
+ ⬆️ destruction of RBCs
+ production of ABNORMAL RBCs — sickle cell anemia

Question 29

What is the simplistic “effect” of anemia in the body?

Answer 29

+ ⬇️ hemoglobin that carries the oxygen
+ ⬇️ in oxygen available to body cells

Question 30

What is the outcome when the concentration of Hgb or Hct falls below normal?

Answer 30

Tissue hypoxia

Question 31

Symptoms of anemia

Answer 31

+ Fatigue/weakness
+ pallor
+ irregular heartbeats
+ SOB
+ dizzy/lightheaded
+ chest pain
+ cold hands/feet

Question 32

Lifespan of an RBC

Answer 32

About 120 days