Oxygenation Flashcards
1
Q
The process of providing oxygen to all cells of the body
A
Oxygenation
2
Q
Name the 3 functions of the respiratory system.
A
Obtain oxygen from atmospheric air
Transport air through respiratory tract to alveoli
Diffuse oxygen into blood to be carried to all cells of the body
3
Q
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
A
Respiration
4
Q
Other name of respiration
A
Ventilation
5
Q
Respiratory system function achieved through ventilation
A
Inspiration and expiration
6
Q
T/F: Breathing is typically an autonomic process
A
True
7
Q
Normal oxygenation depends on these two principles
A
Healthy development and function of respiratory system
Intricate cellular and organic processes that allow for effective gas exchange
8
Q
The respiratory system is divided into:
A
Upper respiratory system and Lower respiratory tract
9
Q
What are the protective mechanisms of the upper respiratory system?
A
Sneezing and cilia
10
Q
The entrance for air into lungs
A
Trachea
11
Q
Breathing within the expected respiratory rates
A
Eupnea
12
Q
Normal breating rate of newborns
A
30–80 breaths per minute
13
Q
Normal breating rate of infants
A
30–60 breaths per minute
14
Q
Normal breathing rate of toddlers
A
20–40 breaths per minute
15
Q
Normal breathing rate of preschoolers
A
22–34 breaths per minute
16
Q
Normal breathing rate of School-age children
A
15–25 breaths per minute
17
Q
Normal breating rate of Adolescents
A
12–20 breaths per minute
18
Q
Normal breating rate of Adults
A
12–20 breaths per minute
19
Q
Normal breating rate of Older Adults
A
15–20 breaths per minute
20
Q
Describe the components of the lower respiratory tract.
A
Trachea –> bronchus –> bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs
21
Q
The site where gases is exchanged.
A
Alveoli
22
Q
Describe gas exchange in the alveoli.
A
Oxygen diffuses across membranes into blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli
23
Q
Which lung has 3 lobes?
A
Right lung
24
Q
What are the two layers that cover the lungs?
A
Visceral pleura and parietal pleura
25
It covers surface of each lung.
Visceral pleura
26
It lines inside of chest wall.
Parietal pleura
27
Described as loud, high-pitched, heard over trachea and longer on exhalation than inhalation.
Bronchial sounds
28
Medium in loudness and pitch, heard on each side of sternum, between scapulae
Bronchovesicular sounds
29
Soft, low-pitched, heard over peripheral lung fields
Vesicular sounds
30
The drive to breathe depends on _______
level of CO2 in arterial blood
31
What happens when the level of CO2 in arterial blood rises?
Receptor sites in medulla and pons stimulate increase in rate and/or depth of ventilation
32
Ability of respiratory system to deliver O2 depends on the following:
Inflated, well-oxygenated alveoli
| Well-perfused capillaries
33
Movement of O2 across alveolar–capillary membrane into capillary is represented by _____.
Ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) ratio
34
Decreased level of O2 in blood
Hypoxemia
35
If hypoxemia is left untreated, it can lead to _____.
Hypoxia
36
Decreased delivery of O2 to tissues
Hypoxia
37
Respiratory drive primarily stimulated by _________.
Concentration of H+ in arterial blood
38
An increase in H+ would result to
increase in level of CO2
39
A decrease in H+ would result to
decrease in level of CO2
40
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with the following:
Alveolar damage limits the exchange of O2 and CO2
CO2 retention, decrease in blood O2 levels
Cyanosis
Clubbed nail beds
Retractions (the area between the ribs and in the neck sinks in when a person attempts to inhale - shows they are working hard to breathe)
41
Respiratory rate >20 breaths/minute
Tachypnea
42
Respiratory rate <10 breaths/minute
Bradypnea
43
Rapid, deep inhalation and exhalation of air from lungs
Hyperventilation
44
Abnormally slow respiratory rate → inadequate O2 delivery to lungs, increase in retention of CO2
Hypoventilation
45
Labored breathing or shortness of breath that is painful
Dyspnea
46
Difficulty breathing when supine
Orthopnea
47
Kussmaul breathing
Deep, rapid exhalations increase elimination of CO2, affecting acid–base balance
48
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Deep, rapid breathing and slow, shallow breathing with periods of apnea
49
Biot respirations
Shallow breathing with periods of apnea
50
What type of breathing is seen in metabolic acidosis?
Kussmaul breathing
51
What type of breathing is seen in CHF, increases ICP, or drug overdoses
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
52
What is the characteristic breathing of patients with CNS disorder?
Biot respirations
53
Air entry into pleural space causing loss of negative pressure necessary to produce lung expansion
Pneumothorax
54
What is the complication of pneumothorax?
Lung collapse
55
Signs and symptoms of pneumothorax
Sudden sharp pleuritic pain, worsened by breathing, coughing
Decreased or absent breathing sounds over the affected side
Asymmetrical chest wall movement
Shortness of breath
Cyanosis
56
Factors that affect healthy respiratory system
Airborne irritants
Infectious illnesses of respiratory tract
Hemoglobin disorders
Medications
Inflammation, infection, sputum production
57
T/F: Vaccination encouraged to decrease transmission of preventable diseases.
True
58
Give examples of modifiable risk factors relating to respiratory disorders.
```
Factors affecting the heart’s ability to circulate blood such as Hypertension and Atherosclerosis
Obesity
Type 2 diabetes
Smoking
Stress and anxiety
```
59
What are the effects of tobacco smoke exposure?
Increased mucus production
| Reduced cilia action in airway passages
60
T/F: If patient opts to continue smoking or otherwise using tobacco, respect patient’s right to choose
True
61
What are signs of hypoxia?
Increasing restlessness, irritability, unexplained sudden confusion
Rapid heart rate + rapid respiratory rate
62
What questions need to be asked when obtaining health history with a patient with respiratory problem?
```
Current respiratory problems
History of respiratory disease
Lifestyle
Presence of cough
Description of sputum
Presence of chest pain
Risk factors
Medication history
```
63
What are examples of adventitious breathing sounds?
```
Stridor
Crackles
Rhonchi
Wheezing
Pleural friction rub
```
64
What are the assessment parameters in ABGs?
SaO2, PaO2, CO2, and pH
65
What is the normal range of arterial CO2?
35–45 mmHg
66
An increased level of CO2 is called ____.
Hypercarbia (hypercapnia)
67
A decreased level of CO2 is called _____.
Hypocarbia (hypocapnia)
68
What is a normal SaO2?
>95%
69
What are the independent nursing interventions for patients with respiratory problems?
Improving gas exchange
| Enhancing breathing patterns
70
Give examples of independent nursing interventions for patients with respiratory problems?
```
Deep breathing exercises
Positioning
Encouraging smoking cessation
Monitoring activity tolerance
Promoting secretion clearance
Suctioning
Assisting with activities of daily living (ADLs)
```
71
What are examples of medications used ot treat respiratory problems?
Bronchodilators, Corticosteroids, Long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) + inhaled corticosteroid, Anticholinergics, xanthines, immunotherapy
72
What is the purpose of incentive spirometry?
Expand lungs
Clear mucus secretions
Increase amount of O2 delivered to bronchi and alveoli
Often prescribed for postop patients as well as some with pulmonary alterations
73
What are the types of oxygen therapy systems?
Nasal cannula
Oxymizer
Simple mask
Venturi mask
74
Chest tube management is indicated for what type of respiratory problems?
Treat conditions in which air or fluid cause lung collapse
75
Chest tube management remains in place for how many days?
2-5 days
76
Why infants are prone to airway obstruction by foreign objects and infection?
Shorter, narrower airway
Tracheal division higher, at different angle
Lung tissue not fully developed at birth
77
What are important nursing considerations when performing respiratory assessment in infants?
Check for pectus carinatum, pectus excavatum
During palpation, note facial expression, presence of crying
In newborns, palpate area near clavicle for crepitus
Assess infants for tactile fremitus
Avoid auscultating through clothing, as breath sounds may be small
78
What are important nursing considerations when performing respiratory assessment in toddlers?
Inspect for pectus carinatum, pectus excavatum, kyphosis, scoliosis
Should not be barrel chest over age 6
Should be no retractions
Have child repeat words or numbers to assess for tactile fremitus
Ask child to breathe deeply during auscultation
79
What physiologic changes in the respiratory system that takes place during pregnancy?
Pregnancy raises diaphragm, decreases ability to expand lungs
Respiratory rate increases to keep up with increased O2 needs
Chest circumference increases
Changes to upper respiratory mucosa increase likelihood of developing nasal stuffiness, nosebleeds
Residual capacity decreases
Minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, tidal volume increase
Blood pH may become more alkaline
80
What physiologic changes in the respiratory system that takes place during aging?
Increased risk of developing respiratory infections
Increased risk of sleep apnea
Changes to cough reflex → increased risk of choking on food
Increased incidence of gastroesophageal reflux → increased risk of aspiration of food
