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NURS 1451 > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is oxygenated through ___________, __________ and __________.

A

Ventilation
Perfusion
Transport of Respiratory Gases

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2
Q

What TWO (2) things CONTROL the RATE and DEPTH of RESPIRATION?

A

Neural regulators

Chemical regulators

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3
Q

This is the process of MOVING GASES into and out of the LUNGS.

A

Ventilation

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4
Q

What is the MAJOR INSPIRATORY MUSCLE of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

This is the ability of the CARDIOVASCULAR system to PUMP oxygenated BLOOD to the tissues and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

A

Perfusion

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6
Q

This responsible for MOVING GASES from one area to another by CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS.

A

Diffusion

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7
Q

What regulates the respiratory cycle?

A

The CNS

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8
Q

This is an ACTIVE process stimulated by CHEMICAL RECEPTORS in the AORTA.

A

Inspiration

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9
Q

Where is INSPIRATION STIMULATED?

A

Aorta

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10
Q

This is a PASSIVE process that depends on ELASTIC RECOIL properties of the lungs.

A

Expiration

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11
Q

True or False: expiration requires a great deal of muscle work.

A

FALSE, expiration is a PASSIVE process, therefore it requires LITTLE to NO muscle work.

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12
Q

This is a CHEMICAL produced in the lungs to MAINTAIN SURFACE TENSION in the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.

A

Surfactant

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13
Q

What causes the WORK required to breath to INCREASE in patients with ADVANCED COPD?

A

Loss of elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax.

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14
Q

DECREASED SURFACTANT production can cause patients to develop __________.

A

Ateclectasis

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15
Q

This a condition where the ALVEOLI COLLAPSE and prevent normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Atelectasis

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16
Q

What THREE (3) things does ELEVATION of a patient’s CLAVICLES during inspiration indicate?

A
  1. Ventilatory Fatigue
  2. Air Hunger
  3. Decreased Lung Expansion
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17
Q

This is the ability of the LUNGS to DISTEND or EXPAND in response to INCREASED INTRAALVEOLAR PRESSURE.

A

Compliance

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18
Q

What FOUR (4) things cause a DECREASE in COMPLIANCE?

A
  1. Pulmonary Edema
  2. Pleural Fibrosis
  3. Kyphosis
  4. Fractured Ribs
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19
Q

What SIX (6) CONDITIONS affect CHEST WALL MOVEMENT?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Obesity
  3. Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
  4. Trauma
  5. Neuromuscular Disease
  6. CNS Alterations
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20
Q

What TWO (2) DISEASES INCREASE AIRWAY RESISTANCE?

A
  1. Asthma

2. Tracheal Edema

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21
Q

What THREE (3) things INCREASE the WORK OF BREATHING (WOB)?

A
  1. Decreased Lung Compliance
  2. Increased Airway Resistance
  3. Increased Energy Expenditure
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22
Q

How does the body COMPENSATE for DECREASED LUNG COMPLIANCE?

A

Increase Metabolic Rate

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23
Q

What THREE (3) things DETERMINE LUNG VOLUME?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Height
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24
Q

This is the amount of AIR EXHALED AFTER NORMAL INSPIRATION.

A

Tidal Volume

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25
Q

This is the amount of AIR LEFT in the ALVEOLI AFTER FULL EXPIRATION.

A

Residual Volume

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26
Q

This is the MAXIMUM AMOUNT of AIR that can be REMOVED from the lungs during FORCED EXPIRATION.

A

Forced Vital Capacity

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27
Q

What FOUR (4) things cause VARIATIONS in LUNG VOLUMES?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Exercise
  3. Obesity
  4. Pulmonary Obstructive Conditions
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28
Q

Where does PULMONARY CIRCULATION BEGIN?

A

Pulmonary Artery

29
Q

True or False: the thicker the membrane the easier gases diffuse.

A

FALSE, thick membranes IMPEDE DIFFUSION, therefore gases take LONGER to transfer across thick membranes.

30
Q

List FOUR (4) RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS cause a THICKENED MEMBRANE.

A
  1. Emphysema
  2. Pneumothorax
  3. Surgical Procedures
  4. Edema
31
Q

What THREE (3) things influence the CAPACITY of BLOOD to CARRY OXYGEN?

A
  1. Amount of O2 in plasma
  2. Amount of hemoglobin
  3. Tendency of hemoglobin to bind with O2
32
Q

Hemoglobin transports what percent of oxygen?

A

97%

33
Q

How is the MAJORITY of CO2 TRANSPORTED back to the lungs?

A

Venous Blood

34
Q

This is the VOLUME of BLOOD EJECTED from the ventricles.

A

Stroke Volume

35
Q

What TWO (2) things cause a DECREASE in STROKE VOLUME.

A
  1. Hemorrhage

2. Dehydration

36
Q

What SEVEN (7) factors AFFECT OXYGENATION?

A
  1. Hyperventilation
  2. Hypoventilation
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Hypovolemia
  5. Decreased O2 Carrying Capacity
  6. Decreased Inspired O2 Concentration
  7. Increased Metabolic Rate
37
Q

True or False: anemia and inhalation of toxic substances decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

A

TRUE, anemia and inhalation DECREASE O2 carrying capacity of blood by REDUCING the amount of available HEMOGLOBIN.

38
Q

What are FIVE (5) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS of DECREASED O2 CARRYING CAPACITY?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Decreased Activity Tolerance
  3. Breathlessness
  4. Increased HR
  5. Pallor
39
Q

What is the physiological RESPONSE to chronic HYPOXEMIA?

A

Polycythemia (increased RBC)

40
Q

This is a condition of REDUCED CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME.

A

Hypovolemia

41
Q

What TWO (2) conditions CAUSE HYPOVOLENMIA?

A
  1. Shock

2. Dehydration

42
Q

DECREASED circulating BLOOD VOLUME result in what?

A

Hypoxia

43
Q

In what TWO (2) ways does the body ADAPT to SIGNIFICANT FLUID LOSS?

A
  1. Peripheral Vasoconstriction

2. Increased HR

44
Q

What CAUSES a DECREASE in INSPIRED O2 CONCENTRATION?

A

Airway Obstruction (upper/lower)

  • High Altitudes
  • Drug Overdose
45
Q

An INCREASED METABOLIC RATE is NORMAL in __________, __________ and __________.

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Wound Healing
  3. Exercise
46
Q

How does the BODY attempt to ADAPT to INCREASED CO2?

A

Increase rate and depth of respiration

47
Q

Patients with PULMONARY DISEASES are at GREATER RISK for what?

A

Hypoxemia

48
Q

Many MORBIDLY OBESE patients SUFFER from what?

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

49
Q

What POSITIONS result in REDUCED LUNG VOLUMES in MORBIDLY OBESE patients?

A

Recumbent and Supine

50
Q

Why are OBESE PATIENTS more SUSCEPTIBLE to ATELECTASIS and PNEUMONIA after surgery?

A

The lungs do not expand fully this the lower lobes RETAIN PULMONARY SECRETIONS

51
Q

What FOUR (4) ABNORMAL STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS IMPAIR OXYGENATION?

A
  1. Pectus Exacvatum
  2. Kyphosis
  3. Lordosis
  4. Scoliosis
52
Q

This condition is the result of TRAUMA resulting in multiple RIB FRACTURES causing INSTABILITY in the CHEST WALL.

A

Flail Chest

53
Q

INSTABILITY in the CHEST WALL allows ___________ on INSPIRATION and __________ on EXPIRATION.

A

Contraction on inspiration

Bulge on expiration

54
Q

Trauma resulting in an UNSTABLE CHEST WALL will lead to what?

A

Hypoxia

55
Q

As seen in some NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES, VENTILATION is IMPAIRED resulting in what THREE (3) conditions?

A
  1. Atelectasis
  2. Hypercapnia
  3. Hypoxemia
56
Q

What THREE (3) NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES cause HYPOVENTILATION?

A
  1. Myasthenia Gravis
  2. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
  3. Poliomyelitis
57
Q

What TWO (2) factors CAUSE BARREL CHEST?

A
  1. Overuse of Accessory Muscles

2. Air Trapping (emphysema)

58
Q

What DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT used in VENTILATION STUDIES test for HYPOVENTILATION and HYPERVENTILATION?

A

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

59
Q

This is a CONDITION of DECREASED ARTERIAL OXYGEN.

A

Hypoxemia

60
Q

What NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT monitors ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION?

A

Pulse Oximetry

61
Q

What are THREE (3) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS of HYPOVENTILATION?

A
  1. Changes in Mental Status
  2. Dysthymia
  3. Cardiac Arrest
62
Q

What FOUR (4) factors INDUCE HYPERVENTILATION?

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Infection
  3. Drugs
  4. Acid-base Imbalance
63
Q

This is INADEQUATE TISSUE OXYGENATION at the CELLULAR LEVEL.

A

Hypoxia

64
Q

What are SIX (6) CAUSES of HYPOXIA?

A
  1. Decreased Hemoglobin
  2. Diminished Inspired O2 Concentration
  3. Tissues Unable to Extract O2 from Blood
  4. Decreased Diffusion of Oxygen
  5. Poor Tissue Perfusion
  6. Impaired Ventilation
65
Q

What are SIX (6) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS of HYPOXIA.

A
  1. Apprehension
  2. Restlessness
  3. Difficulty Concentrating
  4. Decreased Consciousness
  5. Dizziness
  6. Behavioral Changes
66
Q

True or False: a patient with hypoxia is most comfortable lying flat.

A

FALSE, a patient with hypoxia is UNABLE to lie flat and appears FATIGUED and AGITATED.

67
Q

True or False: a patient in shock during early stages of hypoxia is likely to have an elevation in blood pressure.

A

FALSE, during early stages of hypoxia the blood pressure is normally elevated, EXCEPT in the case the condition is CAUSED by SHOCK.

68
Q

This DISCOLORATION if the skin is a LATE SIGN of HYPOXIA.

A

Cyanosis

NURS 1451 (1 decks)

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