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NURS 1451 > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is oxygenated through ___________, __________ and __________.

A

Ventilation
Perfusion
Transport of Respiratory Gases

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2
Q

What TWO (2) things CONTROL the RATE and DEPTH of RESPIRATION?

A

Neural regulators

Chemical regulators

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3
Q

This is the process of MOVING GASES into and out of the LUNGS.

A

Ventilation

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4
Q

What is the MAJOR INSPIRATORY MUSCLE of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

This is the ability of the CARDIOVASCULAR system to PUMP oxygenated BLOOD to the tissues and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

A

Perfusion

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6
Q

This responsible for MOVING GASES from one area to another by CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS.

A

Diffusion

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7
Q

What regulates the respiratory cycle?

A

The CNS

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8
Q

This is an ACTIVE process stimulated by CHEMICAL RECEPTORS in the AORTA.

A

Inspiration

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9
Q

Where is INSPIRATION STIMULATED?

A

Aorta

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10
Q

This is a PASSIVE process that depends on ELASTIC RECOIL properties of the lungs.

A

Expiration

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11
Q

True or False: expiration requires a great deal of muscle work.

A

FALSE, expiration is a PASSIVE process, therefore it requires LITTLE to NO muscle work.

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12
Q

This is a CHEMICAL produced in the lungs to MAINTAIN SURFACE TENSION in the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.

A

Surfactant

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13
Q

What causes the WORK required to breath to INCREASE in patients with ADVANCED COPD?

A

Loss of elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax.

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14
Q

DECREASED SURFACTANT production can cause patients to develop __________.

A

Ateclectasis

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15
Q

This a condition where the ALVEOLI COLLAPSE and prevent normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Atelectasis

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16
Q

What THREE (3) things does ELEVATION of a patient’s CLAVICLES during inspiration indicate?

A
  1. Ventilatory Fatigue
  2. Air Hunger
  3. Decreased Lung Expansion
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17
Q

This is the ability of the LUNGS to DISTEND or EXPAND in response to INCREASED INTRAALVEOLAR PRESSURE.

A

Compliance

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18
Q

What FOUR (4) things cause a DECREASE in COMPLIANCE?

A
  1. Pulmonary Edema
  2. Pleural Fibrosis
  3. Kyphosis
  4. Fractured Ribs
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19
Q

What SIX (6) CONDITIONS affect CHEST WALL MOVEMENT?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Obesity
  3. Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
  4. Trauma
  5. Neuromuscular Disease
  6. CNS Alterations
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20
Q

What TWO (2) DISEASES INCREASE AIRWAY RESISTANCE?

A
  1. Asthma

2. Tracheal Edema

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21
Q

What THREE (3) things INCREASE the WORK OF BREATHING (WOB)?

A
  1. Decreased Lung Compliance
  2. Increased Airway Resistance
  3. Increased Energy Expenditure
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22
Q

How does the body COMPENSATE for DECREASED LUNG COMPLIANCE?

A

Increase Metabolic Rate

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23
Q

What THREE (3) things DETERMINE LUNG VOLUME?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Height
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24
Q

This is the amount of AIR EXHALED AFTER NORMAL INSPIRATION.

A

Tidal Volume

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25
This is the amount of AIR LEFT in the ALVEOLI AFTER FULL EXPIRATION.
Residual Volume
26
This is the MAXIMUM AMOUNT of AIR that can be REMOVED from the lungs during FORCED EXPIRATION.
Forced Vital Capacity
27
What FOUR (4) things cause VARIATIONS in LUNG VOLUMES?
1. Pregnancy 2. Exercise 3. Obesity 4. Pulmonary Obstructive Conditions
28
Where does PULMONARY CIRCULATION BEGIN?
Pulmonary Artery
29
True or False: the thicker the membrane the easier gases diffuse.
FALSE, thick membranes IMPEDE DIFFUSION, therefore gases take LONGER to transfer across thick membranes.
30
List FOUR (4) RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS cause a THICKENED MEMBRANE.
1. Emphysema 2. Pneumothorax 3. Surgical Procedures 4. Edema
31
What THREE (3) things influence the CAPACITY of BLOOD to CARRY OXYGEN?
1. Amount of O2 in plasma 2. Amount of hemoglobin 3. Tendency of hemoglobin to bind with O2
32
Hemoglobin transports what percent of oxygen?
97%
33
How is the MAJORITY of CO2 TRANSPORTED back to the lungs?
Venous Blood
34
This is the VOLUME of BLOOD EJECTED from the ventricles.
Stroke Volume
35
What TWO (2) things cause a DECREASE in STROKE VOLUME.
1. Hemorrhage | 2. Dehydration
36
What SEVEN (7) factors AFFECT OXYGENATION?
1. Hyperventilation 2. Hypoventilation 3. Hypoxia 4. Hypovolemia 5. Decreased O2 Carrying Capacity 6. Decreased Inspired O2 Concentration 7. Increased Metabolic Rate
37
True or False: anemia and inhalation of toxic substances decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
TRUE, anemia and inhalation DECREASE O2 carrying capacity of blood by REDUCING the amount of available HEMOGLOBIN.
38
What are FIVE (5) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS of DECREASED O2 CARRYING CAPACITY?
1. Fatigue 2. Decreased Activity Tolerance 3. Breathlessness 4. Increased HR 5. Pallor
39
What is the physiological RESPONSE to chronic HYPOXEMIA?
Polycythemia (increased RBC)
40
This is a condition of REDUCED CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME.
Hypovolemia
41
What TWO (2) conditions CAUSE HYPOVOLENMIA?
1. Shock | 2. Dehydration
42
DECREASED circulating BLOOD VOLUME result in what?
Hypoxia
43
In what TWO (2) ways does the body ADAPT to SIGNIFICANT FLUID LOSS?
1. Peripheral Vasoconstriction | 2. Increased HR
44
What CAUSES a DECREASE in INSPIRED O2 CONCENTRATION?
Airway Obstruction (upper/lower) * High Altitudes * Drug Overdose
45
An INCREASED METABOLIC RATE is NORMAL in __________, __________ and __________.
1. Pregnancy 2. Wound Healing 3. Exercise
46
How does the BODY attempt to ADAPT to INCREASED CO2?
Increase rate and depth of respiration
47
Patients with PULMONARY DISEASES are at GREATER RISK for what?
Hypoxemia
48
Many MORBIDLY OBESE patients SUFFER from what?
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
49
What POSITIONS result in REDUCED LUNG VOLUMES in MORBIDLY OBESE patients?
Recumbent and Supine
50
Why are OBESE PATIENTS more SUSCEPTIBLE to ATELECTASIS and PNEUMONIA after surgery?
The lungs do not expand fully this the lower lobes RETAIN PULMONARY SECRETIONS
51
What FOUR (4) ABNORMAL STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS IMPAIR OXYGENATION?
1. Pectus Exacvatum 2. Kyphosis 3. Lordosis 4. Scoliosis
52
This condition is the result of TRAUMA resulting in multiple RIB FRACTURES causing INSTABILITY in the CHEST WALL.
Flail Chest
53
INSTABILITY in the CHEST WALL allows ___________ on INSPIRATION and __________ on EXPIRATION.
Contraction on inspiration | Bulge on expiration
54
Trauma resulting in an UNSTABLE CHEST WALL will lead to what?
Hypoxia
55
As seen in some NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES, VENTILATION is IMPAIRED resulting in what THREE (3) conditions?
1. Atelectasis 2. Hypercapnia 3. Hypoxemia
56
What THREE (3) NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES cause HYPOVENTILATION?
1. Myasthenia Gravis 2. Guillain-Barre Syndrome 3. Poliomyelitis
57
What TWO (2) factors CAUSE BARREL CHEST?
1. Overuse of Accessory Muscles | 2. Air Trapping (emphysema)
58
What DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT used in VENTILATION STUDIES test for HYPOVENTILATION and HYPERVENTILATION?
Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
59
This is a CONDITION of DECREASED ARTERIAL OXYGEN.
Hypoxemia
60
What NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT monitors ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION?
Pulse Oximetry
61
What are THREE (3) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS of HYPOVENTILATION?
1. Changes in Mental Status 2. Dysthymia 3. Cardiac Arrest
62
What FOUR (4) factors INDUCE HYPERVENTILATION?
1. Anxiety 2. Infection 3. Drugs 4. Acid-base Imbalance
63
This is INADEQUATE TISSUE OXYGENATION at the CELLULAR LEVEL.
Hypoxia
64
What are SIX (6) CAUSES of HYPOXIA?
1. Decreased Hemoglobin 2. Diminished Inspired O2 Concentration 3. Tissues Unable to Extract O2 from Blood 4. Decreased Diffusion of Oxygen 5. Poor Tissue Perfusion 6. Impaired Ventilation
65
What are SIX (6) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS of HYPOXIA.
1. Apprehension 2. Restlessness 3. Difficulty Concentrating 4. Decreased Consciousness 5. Dizziness 6. Behavioral Changes
66
True or False: a patient with hypoxia is most comfortable lying flat.
FALSE, a patient with hypoxia is UNABLE to lie flat and appears FATIGUED and AGITATED.
67
True or False: a patient in shock during early stages of hypoxia is likely to have an elevation in blood pressure.
FALSE, during early stages of hypoxia the blood pressure is normally elevated, EXCEPT in the case the condition is CAUSED by SHOCK.
68
This DISCOLORATION if the skin is a LATE SIGN of HYPOXIA.
Cyanosis

NURS 1451 (1 decks)

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