Oxygenation Flashcards
What is diffusion?
The movement of gases between air spaces and the bloodstream.
What is ventilation?
The movement of air in and out of the lungs
What is respiration?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism.
What is perfusion?
The movement of blood into and out of the lungs to the organs and tissues of the body.
What is hypoxia?
Inadequate tissue oxygenation with a deficiency in oxygen delivery or oxygen utilization at the cellular level.
What are signs and symptoms of hypoxia?
Tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion
What are some causes of hypoxia?
- Diminished concentration of inspired oxygen, ex. Airway obstruction
- COPD
- Impaired ventilation
- Shock, poor tissue perfusion w. Oxygenated blood
What is hypoxemia?
An abnormal deficiency in the concentration of oxygen in arterial blood, a low partial pressure of oxygen.
What are symptoms of hypoxemia?
- Pallor
- Cyanosis
- Confusion
- Anxiety
- Restlessness
- Diaphoresis
- Blurred or tunnel vision
- Nausea/vomiting
What are causes of hypoxemia?
- Pneumonia
- Atelectasis
- Cardiac arrhythmias
What is hypoventilation?
Occurs when ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demands of the body or to eliminate carbon dioxide.
What does hypoventilation lead to?
- Hypoxia or hypercapnia
- arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) level greater than 45mmHg
- respiratory acidosis
What is hyperventilation?
An increase in respiratory rate, resulting in excessive amounts of carbon dioxide elimination.
What does hyperventilation lead to?
Decreased PaCO2 or hypocapnia
Respiratory alkalosis.
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.
What is cardiac index?
Measure of adequacy of the cardiac output: cardiac index equals cardiac output divided by patients body surface area
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction. Normal range: 50-75mL per contraction
What is preload?
Amount of blood in the ventricles at end diastole.
What is afterload?
Resistance of the ejection of blood from the left ventricle.
What is myocardial contractility?
The ability of the heart to squeeze blood from the ventricles and prepare for the next contraction.
Decreased cardiac output
Failure of the myocardium to eject sufficient blood volume to the systemic and pulmonary circulations results in heart failure.
Myocardial ischemia
Happens when the coronary artery does not supply sufficient blood to the heart muscle.
Myocardial infarction
When decreased myocardial blood perfusion is extensive or perfusion is completely blocked , the tissue becomes necrotic.
Myocardial infarction clinical symptoms
- Severe or crushing chest pain
- Jaw pain
- Left arm pain
- hypotension
