Oxygenation

Question 1

Frank Starling Law of the Heart

Answer 1

Low stroke volume= faster heart rate
HR > 160= lowered preload (amount in heart before it pumps)
High afterload = high blood pressure

Question 2

Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on artery walls

Question 3

Tachycardia

Answer 3

greater than 100

Question 4

Bradycardia

Answer 4

less than 60

Question 5

Signs of left sided cardiac failure

Answer 5

fatigue, breathlessness, dizziness, and confusion as a result of tissue hypoxia

Clinical signs include crackles in the base of the lungs, hypoxia, shortness of breath on exertion, cough, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 6

Primary cause of right sided heart failure

Answer 6

elevated pulmonary vascular resistance

Question 7

Signs of right sided cardiac failure

Answer 7

clinical signs: elevated blood pressure, weight gain, distended neck veins, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly

Question 8

common outcomes of myocardial ischemia

Answer 8

Angina, MI

Question 9

MI/Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Answer 9

sudden increase in coronary blood flow or an increase in demand without adequate coronary perfusion

Question 10

Stenosis

Answer 10

hardening

Question 11

Regurgitation

Answer 11

impaired closure of a valve

Question 12

MI in Men

Answer 12

crushing, squeezing, or stabbing
often in left chest and sternal area
possibly in the back
radiates down the left arm to the neck, jaws teeth, epigastric area, and back
lasts 20 minutes

Question 13

MI in women

Answer 13

angina, fatigue, indegestion, shortness of breath, back or jaw pain
twice the risk of dying within first year of heart attack

Question 14

Physiological factors affecting oxygenation

Answer 14

Decreased O2 carrying capacity(reduced hemoglobin)

Decreased inspired O2 concentration
Increased metabolic rate
Conditions affecting chest awall moevement
Musculoskeletal
Chronic lung disease

Question 15

Developmental Factors affecting oxygenation in infants

Answer 15

Infants: risk of infection 3-6 months, airway obstruction
School age: respiratory infection, smoking & inhalants, decreased activity, obesity, unhealthy diets
Young adults: unhealthy diets, inactivity, stress, substance abuse, smoking, improper medication use

Question 16

Factors of oxygenation in school age children

Answer 16

School age: respiratory infection, smoking & inhalants, decreased activity, obesity, unhealthy diets

Question 17

Factors of oxygenation in older adults (65+)

Answer 17

Calcification of heart valves, vascular stiffening, decreased muscle strength, increased ventricular wall thickness, costal cartilage thickening, osteoporosis, decreased alveolar surface area, decreased functional cilia

Question 17

Factors of oxygenation in young adults

Answer 17

Young adults: unhealthy diets, inactivity, stress, substance abuse, smoking, improper medication use

Question 18

Rural environments have more___ related issues

Answer 18

COPD related to smoking

Question 19

Documentation of health risks

Answer 19

blood relative who had cardiopulmonary disease, level of health and age at time of death

Question 20

Pleuritic chest pain

Answer 20

results from inflammation of pleural space of lungs
Pain is peripheral and radiates to the scapular regions

Question 21

Cardiac chest pain

Answer 21

does not occur in respiratory variations
Described by men as left side of chest and radiates to left arm

Described by women as feeling of fatigue, breathlessness, indigestion and jaw pain

Question 22

Pericardial chest pain

Answer 22

Occurs due to inflammation of pericardial sac
occurs on inspiration
does not radiate

Question 23

Dyspnea is related to what conditions

Answer 23

Pulmonary disorders, Cardiovascular disorders, neuromuscular disorders, and anemia

Question 24

Chronic coughs are a sign of

Answer 24

chronic lung disease

Question 25

Acute coughs are a sign of

Answer 25

infection or inhaled irritant

Question 26

nonproductive cough is associated with

Answer 26

allergies, or gastroesophageal reflux disorder

Question 27

Use of accessory muscles + intercostal retraction when breathing

Answer 27

COPD, asthma in exacerbation, secretion retention, indicates severe respiratory distress and hypoxemia

Question 27

Wheezing is associated with

Answer 27

asthma, acute bronchitis, and pneumonia

Question 28

Crackles are most often heard in patients with

Answer 28

pneumonia, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis

Question 29

Rhonchi

Answer 29

Can be cleared by coughing most often in patients with pneumonia or asthma

Question 30

Pleural rub occurs because of

Answer 30

movement of inflamed and roughened plural surfaces

Question 31

Stridor

Answer 31

sounds like wheezing medical emergency constricted upper airways inflammation of epiglottis or by virus called croup

Question 32

Thoracentesis

Answer 32

perforation of pleural cavity with needle to aspirate air or fluids, or to get a sample for biopsy

Question 33

bronchoscopy

Answer 33

visual examination of tracheobronchial tree using a camera obtains fluid, sputum, or biopsy samples also removes mucus plugs or foreign bodies

Question 34

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)

Answer 34

determines ability of the lungs to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 35

Dyspnea management

Answer 35

treated with exercise, breathing techniques, cough control, relaxation techniques, biofeedback, and meditation Pharma agents: bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, low dose anxiety medications, mucolytics

Question 36

Airway management

Answer 36

hydration, good coughing, interventions such as suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and nebulizer therapy

Question 37

Nasal cannula

Answer 37

1-6L /min (24%-44% FiO2); humidify 4L or more

Question 38

Simple face mask

Answer 38

6-12 L/min 35-50% O2 contraindicated by CO2 retention monitor skin break down

Question 39

Partial and Nonrebreather mask

Answer 39

10-15 L/min 60-90% O2 Reservoir bag must be inflated

Question 40

Venturi mask

Answer 40

24-50% O2 More precise

Question 41

High flow nasal Cannula

Answer 41

Wide range of O2 heated humidified air treatment of respiratory failure less need for invasive procedures

Question 42

CDU constant bubbling or vigorous bubbling

Answer 42

Means leak in drainage system or another pneumothorax Assess and Identify source of the leak

Question 43

What is used to dress CDU site

Answer 43

petroleum gauze, dry gauze, and tape