Oxygenation

Question 1

Process of Oxygenation

Answer 1

Ventilation – process of moving gases into and out of the lungs (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

Diffusion – exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries.

Perfusion – ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Question 2

Alterations in Respiratory functioning

Answer 2

Hypoventilation - occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide.

Hyperventilation - state of ventilation in which lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than its produced cellular metabolism.

Hypoxia - inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level.

Question 3

Factors Affecting Oxygenation

Answer 3

Physiological Factors:
DHDI
• Decreased Oxygen-Carrying Capacity
• Hypovolemia (low fluids)
• Decreased Inspired Oxygen Concentration
• Increased Metabolic Rate

Question 4

Conditions Affecting Chest Wall
Movement:

Answer 4

POMTINC
• Pregnancy
• Obesity
• Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
• Trauma
• Neuromuscular Diseases.
• Central Nervous System Alterations
• Influences of Chronic Disease

Question 5

Symptoms of Hypoxia

Answer 5

Early
R - Restlessness
A - Anxiety
T - Tachycardia / Tachypnea

Late
B - Bradycardia
E - Extreme Restlessness
D - Dyspnea

In pediatrics
F - Feeding difficulty
I - Inspiratory Stridor
N - nares flare
E - Expiratory grunting
S - Sternal Retraction

Question 6

Alterations in Cardiac Functioning

Answer 6

DAIM
- Disturbances in conduction
- Altered cardiac output
- Impaired Valvular Function
- Myocardial Ischemia (Heart attack)

Question 7

Lifestyle factors of oxygenation

Answer 7

NHESSS
- Nutrition
- Hydration
- Exercise
- Smoking
- Substance Abuse
- Stress

Question 8

Major Health Hazard that can be hiding in your walls

Answer 8

Asbestos

Question 9

Nursing History

Answer 9

• Health Risk
• Pain
• Fatigue
• Dyspnea
• Cough
• Allergies
• Medications
• Smoking
• Respiratory Infections

Question 10

Nursing Diagnosis in alteration of oxygenation

Answer 10

ADFIIIR
• Activity Intolerance
• Decreased Cardiac Output
• Fatigue
• Impaired Gas Exchange
• Ineffective Airway Clearance
• Ineffective Breathing Pattern
• Risk for Aspiration

Question 11

Dyspnea Management

Answer 11

POPP
- pharmacological measures
- oxygen therapy
- physical techniques
- psychosocial techniques

Question 12

What oxygen therapy

Answer 12

Supplemental oxygen

Question 13

Oxygen Delivery Systems

Answer 13

Nasal cannula (prongs) - 1-6 L/min (24-44%)
Oxygen mask - 6-12 L/min (35-50%)
Partial and non rebreather masks - 10-15 L/min (60-90%)
Venturi mask - 24-50% (may irritate skin) (have different venturi valves)
Tracheostomy Collar - attaches to neck

Question 14

Oxygen Safety

Answer 14

• never use o2 near open flame
• never use o2 near cigarettes
• never use grease or oil with o2 equipment
• o2 promotes combustion
• do not tamper with o2 equipment
• store in cool place
• store o2 lying flat, securely fasten if upright
• use only medical o2
• do not use when delivering a shock via a defibrillator

Question 15

Technique that involves laying/ sitting in
certain positions to drain secretions from airways using gravity.

Answer 15

Postural Drainage

Question 16

Adds moisture or medications to inspired air. Delivers bronchodilators and mucolytic agents.

Answer 16

Nebulization

Question 17

Acute Care

Answer 17

DAMHHNCC
- Dyspnea Management
- Airway Maintenance
- Mobilization of Pulmonary Secretions
- Hydration
- Humidification
- Nebulization
- Coughing and Deep-Breathing Techniques
- Chest Physiotherapy

Question 18

Coughing exercises

Answer 18

Quad Cough Technique - for patients without abdominal muscle control (spinal cord injuries)

Question 19

Maintenance and Promotion of Lung Expansion

Answer 19

APIN
- Ambulation
- Positioning
- Incentive Spirometry
- Non-Invasive Ventilation

Question 20

Position for COPD or severe respiratory distress

Answer 20

Tripod Position

Question 21

Incentive Spirometry

Answer 21

• Sustained Maximal Inspiration Device (SMIs)

Question 22

Maintenance of Ventilation

Answer 22

Invasive-Mechanical Ventilation (positive pressure ventilation) - ventilator associated pneumonia

Noninvasive Ventilation - (Non invasive positive pressure ventilation) NPPV

1. CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) - fixed pressure
2. BiPAP (positive pressure ventilation) - used to facilitate breathing, delivers higher pressure

Question 23

Prevents or treats atelectasis by inflating alveoli and reducing pulmonary edema

Answer 23

NPPV - Non invasive positive pressure ventilation

Question 24

Artificial Airways

Answer 24

• Oral Airways
• Nasal Airways
• Endotracheal Tube
• Tracheal Airway

Question 25

Inserted through the nares, terminating the oropharynx

Answer 25

Nasopharyngeal Airways

Question 26

Surgically created stoma in trachea to make airway

Answer 26

Trachestomy

Question 27

Chest Tube and Drainage Systems

Answer 27

• Pneumothorax - air collects in the pleural space.
• Hemothorax - accumulation of blood in the pleural space.
• Pleural effusion - excessive fluid in the pleural space.

Question 28

Drainage system

Answer 28

PLEUR-EVAC

Question 29

Airway Maintenance

Answer 29

SCN

Suctioning
Chest Physiotherapy
Nebulizer Therapy

Question 30

stimulates a natural cough reflex.
Effective for clearing central
airways.

Answer 30

Huff cough

Question 31

Measure the flow of air inhaled through the mouthpiece are used to

Answer 31

ICLEF
-improve pulmonary ventilation
-counteract the effects of anesthesia or hypoventilation
-loosen respiratory secretions
-facilitate respiratory gaseous exchange
-expand collapsed alveoli