Oxygenation Flashcards
Exam 1
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air exhaled following normal inspiration
What impacts tidal volume?
Health status, activity, pregnancy, exercise, obesity, and obstructive/restrictive lung diseases
What is the function of alveoli?
To promote gas exchange
What is the range for a normal respiration rate?
12-20 breaths per minute
What 3 breath sounds are normal?
Bronchial, bronchovesicular, and vesicular
List examples of abnormal breath sounds.
crackles/rales, wheezes, rhonchi, stridor, pleural friction rub.
Describe crackles/rales breath sounds.
fine to course bubbly sounds, associated with air passing through fluid or collapsed small airways
Describe wheezes.
High pitches whistling, narrow obstructed airways
Describe rhonchi breath sounds.
Loud low pitched rumbling, fluid or mucus in airways, can resolved with coughing.
When can stridor breath sounds be heard?
In children, or when someone is choking
What is pleural friction rub?
When the pleura are inflamed
Describe bronchial breath sounds.
high pitched, normally heard over the trachea
Describe bronchovesicular breath sounds.
medium-pitched, heard over mainstream bronchi
Describe vesicular breath sounds.
low pitched, heard over most of normal lung
What is bradypnea?
Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally slow (less than 12 breaths/min)
What is tachypnea?
Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally rapid (greater than 20 breaths/min)
What is hyperpnea?
Respirations are labored, increased in depth, and increased in rate (greater than 20 breaths/min) (occurs normally during exercise).
What is apnea?
Respirations cease for several seconds. Persistent cessation results in respiratory arrest.
What is hyperventilation?
The rate and depth of respirations increase. Removing CO2 faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism.
What is hypoventilation?
The respiratory rate is abnormally low, and depth of ventilation is depressed. Inadequate alveolar ventilation to meet demand. Not enough O2 and/or too much CO2
What is a normal SpO2/SaO2?
95-100%
What can interfere with an SPO2 reading?
Movement, patient is wearing dark nail polish, extremities are cold, arterial disease
Describe how the effort to expand and contract the lungs should be in a healthy person.
Quiet, with minimal effort.
How do you determine the patients work of breathing?
By the rate and depth. Evaluate accessory muscle use.
What is compliance?
The ability for the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased alveolar pressure.
What can increase work of breathing?
Decreased compliance, increased airway resistance, and/or increased accessory muscle use.
What are possible factors that could affect oxygenation?
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, hypovolemia, decreased inspired oxygen concentration, and chest wall mocement.
Describe why decreased oxygen-carrying capacity affects oxygenation.
- Hemoglobin levels could be low due to anemia which can cause fatigue, decreased activity tolerance, and being pale
- Carbon monoxide is essentially poisoning. The hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide instead of oxygen.
Describe why hypovolemia affects oxygenation.
It is a decreased amount of circulating blood in the body
Describe why decreased inspired oxygen concentration affects oxygenation.
Can be due to amplitude which may decrease the amount of oxygen in the air. Hypoventilation- low RR = < oxygen intake. An increased metabolic demand can be due to exercise, wound healing or a fever.
List what chest wall movement could affect oxygenation.
Pregnancy- reduced lung volume, and may not be able to lay flat. Musculoskeletal diseases, trauma, neuromuscular diseases, central nervous system (CNS) alterations (ex: spinal cord paralysis).
What is the goal of ventilation?
Normal arterial carbon dioxide tension and normal arterial oxygenation tension
What should the PaO2 in an ABG be?
80-100
What should the PaCO2 be in an ABG?
35-45
What should ETCO2 be?
35-45
What are possible causes for hypoventilation?
Medications, alveolar collapse=atelectasis (lung diseases)
What are signs and symptoms associated with hypoventilation?
Mental status changes, dysrhythmias. Can lead to cardiac arrest, convulsions, unconsciousness, death.
What are possible causes for hyperventilation?
Anxiety attacks (severe), infection/fever, drugs, acid-base imbalance (pH), aspirin poisoning, amphetamine use