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M1 > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

What is poor oxygenation?

A

A decreased oxygen level in the blood

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2
Q

What does SpO2 measure?

A

How saturated hemoglobin are with oxygen
Measured with pulse oximetry (95-100%)

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3
Q

Signs and symptoms of poor oxygenation:

A

Restlessness/confusion
Decreased blood pressure
Cool extremities
Pallor or cyanosis of extremities
Slow capillary refill

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4
Q

When oxygen delivery is inadequate to meet metabolic demands of the body =

A

Tissue ischemia and cell death

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5
Q

Hypoxia:

A

Low oxygen in the tissues

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6
Q

What is the first/early symptom of poor oxygenation?

A

Restlessness

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7
Q

Where does oxygen exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

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8
Q

Lung disease is greatly influenced by what a patient is exposed to. What are some examples?

A

Environmental
Occupational
Personal
Social habits

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9
Q

What are some pulmonary diseases?

A

Acute- bronchitis
Chronic- asthma
Obstructive- COPD
Restrictive- pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis
Infectious- pneumonia
Noninfectious- asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis

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10
Q

What type of disease includes difficulty exhaling?

A

Obstructive

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11
Q

What type of disease includes difficulty inhaling?

A

Restrictive

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12
Q

Clinical manifestations of respiratory alterations:

A

Cough
Dyspnea
Chest pain
Abnormal sputum
Hemoptysis
Altered breathing patterns
Cyanosis
Fever

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13
Q

What is cyanosis? Where are common places to see cyanosis on the body?

A

Cyanosis is bluish discoloration of skin and mucus membranes.
Seen on the ends of extremities (fingers, toes), mucous membrane, tip of nose, inside nares, earlobes.

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14
Q

Orthopnea

A

Dyspnea (shortness of breath) when laying down

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15
Q

What nursing intervention can be implemented for a patient experiencing orthopnea?

A

Prop the patient up slightly to promote better lung expansion

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16
Q

When does clubbing occur?

A

Occurs when a person has been chronically low on oxygen. Indicates low oxygen in the blood.

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17
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low level of oxygen in the blood

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18
Q

What device can we use to measure oxygen of blood? What is the normal range?

A

Oxygen saturation (SpO2)
95-100%

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19
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low levels of oxygen in the tissues and organs

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20
Q

We can assume a patient with hypoxemia for an extended amount of time as…

A

Hypoxia

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21
Q

Early symptoms of hypoxia include:

A

Restlessness
Anxiety
Tachycardia/Tachypnea

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22
Q

Later symptoms of hypoxia include:

A

Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea (severe)

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23
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Breathing too shallow or too slow to meet the body’s needs for oxygen

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24
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Breathing that is too rapid or too deep; breathing exceeds the body’s metabolic demands

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25
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed air sacs (alveoli)

26
Q

What are ways to prevent atelectasis?

A

Early ambulation
Turn, cough, deep breathe
Incentive spirometry

27
Q

What does black indicate on an X-ray?

A

Air

28
Q

What does white indicate on an X-ray?

A

Fluid or tissue

29
Q

Aspiration

A

Passage of gastric contents (fluid or solid) into the lungs

30
Q

What can aspiration cause?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

31
Q

What are ways to prevent aspiration?

A

Assess patient’s ability to swallow
Keep head of bed elevated
Thorough lung assessment

32
Q

Assessment of the respiratory system includes:

A

Respiratory rate
Use of accessory muscles
Cyanosis
Oxygen saturation
Adventitious breath sounds
Clubbing
Dyspnea with activity

33
Q

Diagnostic tests include:

A

Chest X-ray
ABGs
Sputum culture and sensitivity
CT scans
MRI
Bronchoscopy
Thoracentesis

34
Q

Interventions prior to oxygen use include:

A

Promotion of lung expansion
Post operative

35
Q

What can promote of lung expansion?

A

Position changes frequently (every 2 hours)
Keep upright
Increase daily activities
Ensure adequate hydration
Coughing exercises
Splinting incision

36
Q

Forms of post operative interventions:

A

Incentive spirometer
TCDB
Splinting incisions

37
Q

Albuterol (proair)
Bronchodilator

A

A rescue inhaler for acute difficulty breathing (asthma, COPA)

38
Q

What are common reactions to bronchodilator?

A

Nervousness, tachycardia, headache, throat irritation

39
Q

Corticosteroid/Bronchiolar

A

Long acting drug that is taken on a regularly scheduled basis to prevent shortness of breath

40
Q

What should you do after using a corticosteroid/bronchiolar?

A

Rinse mouth out to prevent thrush

41
Q

What do you assess on patients on oxygen therapy?

A

Equipment
Correct oxygen delivery device
Flow rate
Respiration assessment

42
Q

What is included in a respiration assessment for patients on oxygen therapy?

A

Vitals
Level of consciousness/ any signs or symptoms of hypoxia
Oxygen saturation
Skin

43
Q

What is FIO2

A

Fraction of inspired oxygen
The percent of oxygen a person is inhaling

44
Q

What is the percentage of room air FIO2?

A

21%

45
Q

Methods of oxygen delivery include:

A

Nasal cannula
Non-rebreather mask
Venturi mask

46
Q

What is the first (and least invasive) choice for delivering oxygen?

A

Nasal cannula

47
Q

What is the flow rate of oxygen for a nasal cannula?

A

Up to 6L/min (usually no more than 4)

48
Q

What are advantages of using a nasal cannula?

A

Safe and simple
Easily tolerated
Increased mobility

49
Q

What are disadvantages of using a nasal cannula?

A

Dries membrane
Skin breakdown

50
Q

What does a non-rebreather mask do?

A

Delivers high concentrations of oxygen
Treat hypoxia
Lowers workload of breathing

51
Q

What is the flow rate for a non-rebreather mask?

A

10-15 L for 100% FIO2

52
Q

What are advantages of a Venturi mask?

A

Controls exact concentration
Delivers FIO2 of 24-60% flow rates from 4-12L/min

53
Q

What are disadvantages of a Venturi mask?

A

Hot and confining
Interferes with eating and talking

54
Q

What do you document for oxygen use?

A

Date and time oxygen initiated
Method of delivery
Flow rate in L/min
Patient response to oxygen
Condition of patient’s skin where oxygen rests
Respiratory assessment
Patient/family teaching

55
Q

What are some physical factors that alter accuracy of a pulse ox?

A

Motion/incorrect placement
BP monitoring device
Bright lights, polish, acrylics

56
Q

What are some physiological factors that alter accuracy of a pulse ox?

A

Poor atrial flow or edema
Cold hands; poor capillary refilling
Anemia

57
Q

What is the purpose of an incentive spirometer?

A

To help prevent post-op pulmonary complications (atelectasis)

58
Q

What are things to consider for oxygen safety?

A

Do not smoke
Do not use aerosol products
Do not use any petroleum products
Should be administered to patient by physicians order or in judgement of RN in emergency situations

59
Q

When can oxygen toxicity develop?

A

When a person breathes 100% oxygen for more than 12 hours

60
Q

What are signs/symptoms of oxygen toxicity?

A

Pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting
Seizures, vertigo, muscle twitching
Hallucinations, visual changes, anxiety
Chest pain, dyspnea

M1 (4 decks)

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