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N142 Clinical Lab > Oxygen Therapy > Flashcards

Oxygen Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal Cannula: 1L/min

A

24% FIO2

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2
Q

Nasal Cannula: 2L/min

A

28% FIO2

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3
Q

Nasal Cannula: 3L/min

A

32% FIO2

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4
Q

Nasal Cannula: 4L/min

A

36% FIO2

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5
Q

Nasal Cannula: 5L/min

A

40% FIO2

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6
Q

Nasal Cannula: 6L/min

A

44% FIO2

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7
Q

Simple Face Mask: 5 - 8 L/min

A

40 - 60% FIO2

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8
Q

Partial Rebreather Face Mask: 5 - 11 L/min

A

60 - 75% FIO2

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9
Q

Non-rebreather Face Mask: 6 - 15 L/min

A

80 - 95% FIO2

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10
Q

3 essential factors for breathing

A
  1. Patent respiratory tree
  2. Functioning alveoli
  3. Intact cardiovascular system
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11
Q

Mechanism of the upper airway

A

warm, filter, and humidify air

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12
Q

Mechanism of cilia

A

propel secretions

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13
Q

Mechanism of coughing

A

remove secretions

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14
Q

What helps keep secretions thin enough to move?

A

hydration

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15
Q

Mechanism of mucus

A

trap irritants, bacteria, and pollutants

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16
Q

Mechanism of surfactant

A

decrease surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse so it doesn’t take extra effort to reinflate lungs

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17
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of lungs

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18
Q

respiration

A

gas exchange that happens at the alveoli level

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19
Q

What mechanism causes a decrease in intrathoracic pressure?

A

inhalation - diaphragm contracting and expansion of ribs via the intercostals

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20
Q

What causes an increase in pressure in the intrathoracic cavity?

A

exhalation - diaphragm and intercostals relax to force air out

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21
Q

Boyle’s law

A

gas volume is inverse to pressure

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22
Q

7 issues with the lungs that can affect the compliance/elasticity

A

atelectasis

pneumonia

pleural effusion

pulmonary edema

pulmonary fibrosis

pneumothorax

hemothorax

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23
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural space

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24
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in pleural cavity

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25
Q

3 issues with the chest wall that can affect lung compliance/elasticity

A

obesity

kyphosis

injury

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26
Q

movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane

A

diffusion

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27
Q

movement of solvent from an area of higher concentration to one a lower concentration

A

osmosis

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28
Q

passage of blood/fluid through a vessel or channel

A

perfusion

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29
Q

issues of diffusion

A
  1. decreased surface area
  2. atelactasis
  3. diseases that affect alveolar capillary membrane
  4. percentage of oxygen at different altitudes
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30
Q

conditions that may cause decrease in surface area

A

tumor

partial/total lung removal

31
Q

conditions that may cause atelectasis

A

tumor

mucus plug

positioning

32
Q

diseases that affect alveolar capillary membrane

A

pneumonia

pulmonary edema

33
Q

How is the most O2 transported?

A

97% RBCs

3% plasma

34
Q

How many binding cites does hemoglobin have for oxygen?

A

4

35
Q

What influences the percentage of O2 attached to each hemoglobin molecule?

A

PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial oxygen)

36
Q

What level of PaO2 provides an adequate amount of oxygen?

A

60 mmHg

(little change in SaO2 above that)

37
Q

symptoms of hypoxemia

A

tachycardia

tachypnea

cyanosis/pallor

agitation + lethargy

anxious, inattentive, and change in level of conciousness

38
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen in tissues

39
Q

What occurs in a person without chronic respiratory problems when CO2 crosses BBB

A

CO2 combines with water (H20) and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)

40
Q

What happens to carbonic acid in a person without chronic respiratory problems?

A

H2CO3 is broken down to H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3)

41
Q

What happens when there is an increase in H+ in the blood?

A

Blood becomes more acidic (higher pH) and causes faster and deeper breaths

42
Q

hypoxic drive

A

people with chronic respiratory problems have become accustomed to increased CO2 levels in blood and breathing becomes controlled by decrease in O2

(accountable for only 10% of breathing)

43
Q

parynchyma

A

alveoli and bronchi

44
Q

How do chronic respiratory issues affect ventilation?

A

Exhalation becomes active > causes CO2 retention > barrel chest

45
Q

hypoxic vasoconstriction

A

occurs at alveoli that aren’t functioning to shunt blood to the ones that are

46
Q

minute respiration

A

tidal volume x respiration rate

47
Q

5 effects of chronic hypoxemia

A
  1. cor pulmonale
  2. pulmonary hypertension
  3. nutritional problems
  4. CV problems
  5. slow recovery
48
Q

Goal for O2 administration for a patient with chronic respiratory problems

A

Maintain SaO2: 90-93%

Pao2: 60-70mmHg

49
Q

PaO2

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arteries

(amount of O2 dissolved in blood)

50
Q

Normal PaO2

A

80 - 100 mmHg

51
Q

PaCO2

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

52
Q

Normal PaCO2

A

35-45 mmHg

53
Q

Arterial blood sample

A

information on lung functioning

represents gas exchange

54
Q

venous blood sample

A

describes amount of oxygen tissues are removing from blood (PvO2)

55
Q

Allen test

A

determines level of collateral circulation

done to determine need for ABG

56
Q

Considerations for pulse oximetry

A

do not use on edemic skin

if using forehead/nose clean with alcohol wipes first and let dry

57
Q

What does pulse oximetry measure?

A

percentage of Hg that is carrying full amount of oxygen (SpO2)

58
Q

Normal SpO2

A

95-100%

59
Q

What is PaO2 if SpO2 is 95-100%?

A

80 mmHg

60
Q

What level of SpO2 is considered hypoxemic?

A

< 90%

(89% = 60mmHg PO2)

61
Q

6 potential causes of inaccurate SpO2 reading

A
  1. motion artifact
  2. Hg is bound to CO
  3. reduced perfusion
  4. skin pigmentations
  5. nail polish/fake nails
  6. response delay of the site
62
Q

2 conditions that require oxygen therapy

A

acute/chronic respiratory conditions with hypoxia/hypoxemia

conditions that increase O2 demand

63
Q

5 conditions that increase O2 demand

A
  1. sepsis
  2. fever
  3. hyperactive thyroid
  4. reduced Hg+O2 carrying ability
  5. reduced cardiac output
64
Q

FIO2

A

fraction of inspired oxygen

65
Q

FIO2 of room air at sea level

A

21%

66
Q

rule for determining FIO2

A

use lowest FIO2 possible to maintain the best blood oxygenation

67
Q

what qualifies a low-flow device

A

8L/min or less

68
Q

hi-flow device

A

exceeds patient demands

ex: venturi mask or aerosol mask

69
Q

2 features of simple face mask

A
  1. need minimum of 5L/min to flush CO2 out of ports
  2. pulls RA in through ports
70
Q

2 features of partial rebreather mask

A
  1. reservoir bag must be full - should be slightly full after inhalation
  2. brings in RA via ports
71
Q

3 features of non-rebreather mask

A
  1. one way valve between reservoir and mask (only opens with inhalation)
  2. pt. breathes out of ports on side and CO2 does not go into reservoir
  3. RA does not enter mask
72
Q

Important way to teach deep breathing

A

exhale through pursed lips - pressure keeps alveoli open

73
Q

3 features of pulmonary toilet

A
  1. chest percussion
  2. chest vibration
  3. postural drainage

N142 Clinical Lab (2 decks)

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