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Biology- module 3 > oxygen and carbon dioxide transport > Flashcards

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport Flashcards

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1
Q

how does haemoglobin function as a useful respiratory pigment

A

picks up O2 in areas w/high ppO and releases O2 where there is a low ppO

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2
Q

what type of protien is hamoglobin

A

globular, conjugated

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3
Q

state the prosthetic group in haemoglobin

A

haem group which is an iron(II) ion

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4
Q

how many haem groups does Hb have

A

4

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5
Q

how many O2 molecules can Hb carry

A

4

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6
Q

where do O2 molecules bind to in Hb

A

haem groups

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7
Q

what is formed when Hb and O2 combine

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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8
Q

what is the equation for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin

A

Hb+4O2->HbO8

reversible

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9
Q

what is meant by the terms loading and unloading

A

Hb binding with ox

Hb relasing ox

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10
Q

what does Hb’s affinity depend

A

p(O2)

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11
Q

what does Hb’s affinity depend on

A

p(O2)

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12
Q

effect of ox conc on affinity

A

high ox conc= high p(O2)=high afinity

low ox conc= low ppO= low affinity

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13
Q

when the frst ox binds does it make it easier/ harder for other ox to bind

A

easier

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14
Q

why is it difficult for ox to load onto haem groups at low ppO

A

polypeptide chains tightly bound

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15
Q

when the frst ox binds does it make it easier/ harder for other ox to bind

A

easier- positve cooperativity

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16
Q

what causes the ox diss curve to rise steeply

A

after 1 ox binds polypeptide chain opens exposing other 3 groups

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17
Q

why does the ox dis curve level of at high ppO

A

Hb is saturated

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18
Q

what has a higher aff for ox fetal/ adult Hb

A

fetal

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19
Q

importance of fetal Hb having a higher ox aff

A

fetus needs ox from mother’s blood, ppO low in placenta, adult Hb needs to unload and fetal Hb needs to load, maintains conc grad across placenta

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20
Q

where is the postioning of fetal cuvre cmpared to the adult cruve

A

to the left

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21
Q

biconcave shape

A

larger surface area for gaseous exchange, pass through narrow capillaries

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22
Q

why do erythroctes have a limited life

A

no nucleus/ mitochindra

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23
Q

what is Hb composed of

A

4 peptide chains

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24
Q

where are there relatively low ox levels

A

capillaries in the lungs

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25
Q

what is there bw inside of Hb and air in alveoli

A

steep conc gradient- ox

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26
Q

how is a steep concentarion gradent maintained in erythrocyte

A

ox bound to Hb so free ox conc in erythrocyte stays low

27
Q

what is rel ox con in cyto of body cells compared to in RBCs

A

lower in body cells

28
Q

describe unloading

A

ox moves out of RBC down conc grad, after 1 released Hb changes shape so easier for other ox to be released

29
Q

what are axis of ox diss curve

A

% saturation of Hb in blood plotted against ppO

30
Q

what does ox diss graph show

A

% saturation of Hb in blood plotted against ppO

31
Q

where is myoglobin found

A

muscles

32
Q

explain diff bw Hb and myoglobin

A

myoglobin has a much higher aff for ox so muscles can take ox from Hb in blood, enabling muscles to get extra ox when contracting during exercise

33
Q

when is myoglobin used

A

when the amount of ox falls

34
Q

what happens to the overall pa of air as altitude increases

A

decreases, proportions stay the same

35
Q

what is meant by ppO

A

rel conc of ox compared to other gases

36
Q

why does a little change in ppO make a sig diff to saturation of Hb w/O2

A

once first mol att the change in shape means other ox mols added rapidly

37
Q

where does rapid loading occur

A

lungs- bc low ppO

38
Q

what happens when resp cells a a small drop in ox levels. how is the eff enhanced

A

ox rel rapidly from Hb to diffuse into cells

enhanced by rel low pH in tissues comp to lungs

39
Q

importance of Bohr effect in lungs

A

rel low ppCO2 so ox binds to Hb easily

40
Q

what happens to curve when co2 conc inc

A

shifts right- Bohr shift

41
Q

imp of bohr effect in active tissues

A

have high ppCO2 sp Hb gives up its ox more easily

42
Q

what would be the case if fetal and adult Hb had the same afff for ox

A

little or no ox tranfered to fetal blood as no conc grad established

43
Q

how is co2 transported from tissues to lungs

A

plasma
carbominoHb
(mostly) hydrogen carbonate ions in cyto of RBCs

44
Q

how is carbominhaemoglobin formed

A

co2 comines w/ a.a groups in pp chains of Hb

45
Q

co2 reacts slowly with water to form

A

carbonic acid-H2CO-

46
Q

what does carbonic acid dissociate to form

A

hydrogen ion and and hydrogen carbonate ion- HCO3-

47
Q

name and functions of enzyme inv in formation of carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

catalyses the rversible reaction bw co2 and water

48
Q

what type of reation is the formation and diss of carbonic acid

A

reversible

49
Q

descirbe process of hydrogen carbonate leaving the Hb

A

diffuses out of RBC, down conc grad

50
Q

describe chloride shift

A

as negative HCO3- diff out, Cl- diff into RBC

51
Q

purpose of chloride shift

A

to maintain the electrical balance of the RBC

52
Q

what does removing and converting co2 into HCO3-s do

A

maintains steep conc grad for co2 to diffuse from the respiring tissues into RBCs

53
Q

describe what happens to carbonic acid when blood reaches lungs tissue

A

carbonic acid catalyses the reverse reaction- b.down c.acid into co2 and water

54
Q

describe what happens to cl- when blood reaches lungs

A

diff out of RBC down electrochemical gradient

55
Q

describe what happens to HCO3- when blood reaches lungs

A

diff back into RBC and react w/ H+ to form more c.acid

56
Q

descibe the role of Hb when blood reaches lungs

A

acts as a buffer- prevents changes in pH by accepting free H+ in a reversible reaction to form haemoglobinic acid

57
Q

how is haemoglobinic acid formed

A

when Hb accepts free H+s

58
Q

how is the absence of nucei in mature RBCs an adaptation

A

allows more room for maximum amount of Hb

59
Q

how is the presence of Hb in RBCs an adaptation

A

able to carry oxygen

60
Q

how is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase an adaptation of RBCs

A

inv in carriage of co2 in blood

61
Q

show diff in myoglobin and Hb curve

A

.

62
Q

show diff bw fetal and adult Hb curves

A

.

63
Q

use flow chart to summarise how co2 prod in cells is carried to lungs in RBCs

A

clearly shw main stages of co2 transport

x incl plasma transport as spec states RBCs

Biology- module 3 (3 decks)

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