Oxygen Flashcards
Upper Airway Located above the ______ includes the _________ (3)
Located below the ________ the lower airway includes the __________________
larynx, the upper airway includes the nasal passages, mouth, and pharynx:
Located below the larynx, the lower airway includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
The pharynx (throat) contains =
The trachea lies just in front of the=
The epiglottis is a = ( 3 )
the openings to the esophagus and trachea.
esophagus
small flap of tissue superior to the larynx:
- closes trachea during swallowing so that food and fluids do not enter the lower airway.
-It opens during breathing to allow air to move through the airway
Fluid Balance –
up to 900 ml of
insensible water loss
TIDAL VOLUME
normal volume of air moved in and out in quiet breathing varies with individuals
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (significance)
All the additional air you can inhale after a normal inspiration
IRV determines how much the tidal volume can increase when oxygen demands increase.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
(Significance)
state normal values/relation to emphysema
The maximum extra amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal tidal expiration.
Ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 mL.
- Some diseases (e.g., emphysema) cause collapse of alveoli and airways, which traps extra air in the lungs. This “trapped” air cannot be exhaled and lowers ERV.
Residual Volume
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after the maximal exhalation.
Ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 mL.
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
state normal ranges
The combination of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume (VT + IRV).
Ranges from 2,500 to 3,500 mL.
Functional RESIDUAL
Disorders that cause air trapping _______ the FRC
The combination of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume (ERV + RV).
Ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 mL.Exhalation of additional air requires effort to force more air out.
This is the amount of air that stays in the lungs at the end of a normal passive, quiet exhalation. Disorders that cause air trapping increase the FRC.
Total lung capacity
max volume of air that lungs can contain
Functionsof oxygen need ( 3)
Ventilation is the process by which air moves in and out of the lungs.
Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of gases, without the use of any energy or effort by the body, between the alveoli and the
capillaries in the lungs.
Perfusion is the process by which the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the lungs.
Surfactant
a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension within alveoli to allow them to inflate during breathing.
Clear Air Passages (3)
warmed
filtered
moistened
cilia
reflex
(clear air passages)
sneeze reflex
cough reflex
forcefully expels foreign matter from upper airway
forcefully expels foreign matter from larynx, trachea and bronchi
Four requirements essential for adequate ventilation
- Adequate Atmospheric Oxygen
- Clear Air passages
- Adequate stretch ability
- Intact Central Nervous system
Intact Central Nervous system
functionof medulla vs pons
Medulla - Inspiration
Pons- Expiration
STIMULI FOR RESPIRATION
A. Neural and chemical controls
– CO2 & H+
B. Respiratory Center
– 1st (primary drive to breath): increase CO2
- Medulla oblongata: CO2 signals to take a breath
– 2nd (secondary drive to breath): O2:
chemoreceptors in aorta & carotid arteries
respond to decrease O2 levels - Chronic Lung
Disease
– Hypoxic drive - Triggered to
breathe by O2 - Nursing: low O2
flow only
Celluar respiration
flow chart
Inspired Air
Lungs
Heart/blood vessels
Cells
hear/bv
exipration
Blood Values ( RBC / hematocrit/ hemoglobin/ state red flag)
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)
– MEN 4.2-5.4 million/mm3
– WOMEN 3.6- 5.0 million/mm3
- HEMATOCRIT (Hct)= % RBC’S IN PLASMA
– 40%- 54% MEN
– 37%- 50% WOMEN
– RED FLAG 30% - HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
– OXYGEN CARRYING
CAPACITY OF RBC
– 14-16 gm/dl MEN
– 12-15 gm/dl WOMEN
– RED FLAG 10 GM
Hypoxia
an oxygen deficiency in the body tissues
Chronic Hypoxia
signsand symptoms (2)think of apperanace and hands
- Fatigue
– Expending much
energy to
oxygenate body - Clubbing
– Base of nail
swells
– Ends of fingers
and toes in
size
Hypoxic CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM tissue causes
Hypoxic RENAL TISSUE causes abnormal
Hypoxic LIMB results in abnormal
abnormal brain functioning (e.g., altered level of consciousness)
kidney functioning (e.g., poor urine output)
results in abnormal muscle functioning (e.g., muscle weakness and pain with exercise)
Pursed lip breathing
PURPOS/ steps
- Chronic obstructive
pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
Smell a rose
Blow out a candle
* This forces out CO2
that is retained
R.A.T vs B.E.D
hypoxia
Early:
R-Restlessness.
A-Anxiety.
T-Tachycardia / Tachypnea.
Late Hypoxia:
B-Bradycardia.
E-Extreme Restlessness.
D-Dyspnea. ( cyanosis)
Cyanosis (central vs peripheral)
- Central: (NEVER NORMAL)
*
-skin/mucous membranes
decrease sat of arterial blood
– Core heart problem
-late sign.
- Peripheral ( MAY BE NORMAL)
– Poor distribution of O2 to
extremities
–Blood vessel problems
-LOCALIZED
Discuss the developmental changes affecting the respiratory
- ** Infancy:
Lung Development: At birth, the lungs transition from a fluid-filled state to an air-filled state. Alveoli, the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, continue to develop after birth, increasing the surface area available for oxygen exchange.
Breathing Patterns: Infants primarily breathe through their noses. Their breathing rate is faster than that of adults, and they have a higher diaphragmatic breathing pattern.
Immune System: Immature immune systems make infants more susceptible to respiratory infections, such as colds and bronchiolitis.
*5. ** Elderly Population:
Decreased Lung Function: Lung elasticity continues to decline in old age, leading to decreased lung function. Reduced ciliary action in the respiratory tract and weakened cough reflex increase susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Decreased Respiratory Muscle Strength: Respiratory muscles weaken, making it more challenging to clear mucus from the airways and leading to an increased risk of respiratory illnesses.
Muscles of Inhalation:
Diaphragm:
The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. It is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a negative pressure that allows air to be drawn into the lungs.
Abdominal Muscles
name muscles/we dont want to use (2)
name:Rectus Abdominis and External Obliques):
During forced exhalation, these muscles can contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure. This increased pressure pushes the diaphragm upward, aiding in forceful exhalation.
Internal Intercostal Muscles:
These muscles are located deep between the ribs. During forced exhalation (not typically used during quiet breathing), the internal intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs downward and decreasing the thoracic cavity’s volume.
Muscles of Exhalation:
Diaphragm (Relaxation):
During quiet breathing, exhalation is a passive process. When the diaphragm relaxes, it recoils back to its dome shape, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This passive recoil of the diaphragm, along with the elasticity of the lungs and chest wall, causes air to be expelled from the lungs.
External Intercostal Muscles: ( WE LIKE THIS)
These muscles are located between the ribs. During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles contract, elevating the ribs. This action further expands the thoracic cavity, aiding in inhalation.
sputum
Source: Sputum is produced in the lower respiratory tract, including the lungs and bronchial tubes. dont drink water.
Composition: Sputum is thicker and may contain mucus, pus, blood, cellular debris, and microorganisms. Its color and consistency can vary based on the underlying respiratory condition.
Purpose: Sputum helps in clearing the respiratory tract by trapping and removing foreign particles, such as bacteria or dust. It is essential for the body’s defense against respiratory infections.
Diagnostic Use: Medical professionals often analyze sputum samples to diagnose respiratory conditions, including infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, or tuberculosis. The analysis can provide valuable information about the type of infection and guide appropriate treatment.
Incentive spirometer
- Method to measure how much a
patient can breath in with force
Biot’s breathing’
explain reason
describes an abnormal respiration pattern.
Biot’s breathing occurs when periods of apnea alternate irregularly with series of breaths
caused by brain damage leading to apena/ raise in co2 causing tachpnea to get rid of it