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Biochemistry > Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

In which stage of metabolism does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Third Stage

Also known as “tertiary metabolism”

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2
Q

What is the goal of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Conversion of food energy to ATP

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3
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place in the eukaryotes?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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4
Q

What is the major source of energy in a cell?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

What provides energy to carry out oxidative phosphorylation? And what is this energy used for?

A
  1. Energy is provided by the wide difference between the redox potentials of the electron donor and electron acceptor (reaction is exergonic).
  2. Most of this energy is used to create a proton gradient which helps in the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase.
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6
Q

Why is the respiratory chain highly exergonic?

A

Due to the wide difference in redox potentials of electron donor and acceptor.

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7
Q

Why is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) a multi-step redox reaction?

A
  1. It involves the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to give electrons that reduce O2 to water.
  2. Simultaneously, the enzymes create a proton gradient that can drive ATP synthesis.
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8
Q

What drives the ATP synthase?

A

Proton gradient

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9
Q

Which is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What is the final stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

What are the 4 main complexes of the ETC?

A
  1. Complex 1: NADH dehydrogenase/ NADH coenzyme Q reductase
  2. Complex 2: Succinate dehydrogenase/ Succinate coenzyme Q reductase
  3. Complex 3: Coenzyme Q- cytochrome C oxidoreductase/ Cytochrome bc1 complex
  4. Complex 4: Cytochrome C oxidase
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12
Q

Why does the ETC take place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A
  1. Because it is rich in proteins.
  2. It processes specialised particles that are the centre of ATP production.
  3. It is semi-permeable.
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13
Q

What particles is the mitochondrial inner membrane impermeable to?

A

ATP, ADP, Na+, K+, H+

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14
Q

What are the two processes that take place in oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. The Electron Chain Transport
  2. ATP synthesis (Phosphorylation)
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15
Q

Why does the mitochondrial matrix get more alkaline and negatively charged during O.P?

A

The energy from the transfer of electrons charges the complexes 1, 3 and 4, causing them to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the inner membrane space, making the matrix more alkaline.

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16
Q

What is the Chemical Coupling Hypothesis?

A

Transfer of electrons in the ETC leads to the formation of an intermediate with high energy covalent bonds which forms the precursor to ATP synthesis.

17
Q

What is the Chemi-Osmotic Theory?

A

Transfer of electrons from one complex to another energises the pumping of hydrogen protons to a inner membrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. This proton gradient drives ATP synthesis.

18
Q

How can ATP production be supressed?

A
  1. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation.
  2. Inhibiting the transfer of electrons in the ETC.
19
Q

How do uncouplers work?

A

They uncouple oxidation and phosphorylation such that the ETC and ATP synthase operate well independently but do not work together to synthesise ATP.

20
Q

Give examples of synthetic uncouplers.

A
  1. 2,4-dinitrophenol
  2. Valinomycin
  3. Gramicidin
21
Q

Give example of physiological uncouplers.

A
  1. Thyroxine
  2. Thermogenins (in brown adipose tissue)
22
Q

Give examples of Site 1 inhibitors.

A
  1. Rotenone
  2. Alkyl Guanines
  3. Barbiturates
  4. Actinomycin
23
Q

How is naphthoquinone poisonous?

A

It is a Site 2 inhibitor. It inhibits the transfer of electrons from Cytochrome bc1 complex to cytochrom c.

24
Q

Give examples of Site 3 inhibitors.

A
  1. Cyanide
  2. CO
  3. H2S
25
Q

How is cyanide poisonous?

A

It inhibits the cytochrome c by binding with iron ions, and inhibiting transfer of electrons.

26
Q

How is CO poisonous?

A
  1. High affinity for hemoglobin, and stabilises its R form.
  2. Inhibits cytochrome c by binding with it directly and preventing O2 attachment.

Biochemistry (6 decks)

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