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BIOC > Oxidative phosphorylation > Flashcards

Oxidative phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation do

A

forms ATP through transfering electrons form NADH & FADH2 to O2 by electron carriers

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2
Q

What is the electron motive force (EMF)

A

high electron trasfer potential from the electrons attached to NADH and FADH2

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3
Q

How is the EMF harnessed

A

the electron transport chain

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4
Q

How the ETC harness EMF

A

transfers protons out of the mitochondrial matrix, through the IMM, and into the intermembrane space

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5
Q

WHat does the ETC harnessing EMF create

A

electrochemical gradient and a proton motive force (PMF)

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6
Q

what is the purpose of PMF

A

used by ATP synthase to generate ATP

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7
Q

Where is the ETC located

A

IMM

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8
Q

What is the IMM impermeable to

A

small molecules and ions

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9
Q

What is permeable to small molecules and ions

A

OMM

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10
Q

Why is the OMM leaky

A

it contains many pores

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11
Q

What is considered similar to the cytosol

A

IMS

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12
Q

What does cristae do

A

the many folds that increase surface area and allow many ETCs to be present

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13
Q

How can electrons be transferred

A
  1. free electrons (ETC)
  2. H- atoms (FADH2)
  3. H- hydride ion (NADH)
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14
Q

what does the standard reductive potential (E0’) measure

A

how likely a molecule is to accept electrons

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15
Q

WHat is a higher E0’

A

higher affinity to e-

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16
Q

Complex I of ETC

A

NADH - Q oxidoreductase

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17
Q

Where does complex I accept electrons from

A

NADH (accepts 2e-)

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18
Q

How to electrons move through complex I

A

FMN –> 4Fe –> 4S -> Coenzyme Q -> reuced to QH2 (ubiquinol)

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19
Q

How many protons are pumped by complex I

A

4

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20
Q

Complex II of ETC

A

Succinate Q reductase

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21
Q

Complex II Conversions

A
  1. succinate -> fumarate
  2. FAD -> FADH2
  3. Q -> QH2
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22
Q

Where does complex II get its electrons from

A

FADH2 from Krebbs

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23
Q

What is special about complex II

A

it is not a proton pump

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24
Q

why is complex II not a proton pump

A

electrons from FADH2 do not move as many H+ as NADH across the membrane

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25
Q

What moves e- from complex I and II to complex III

A

Co-enzyme Q

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26
Q

What is Co-enzyme Q also known as

A

Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol

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27
Q

Difference between Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol

A

Ubiquinone (Q) is fully oxidized
Ubiquinol (QH2) is fully reduced (i.e. contains the alcohols)

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28
Q

What does Coenzyme Q contain (hint: some kind of tail)

A

isoprenoid tail –> repeats 10x

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29
Q

How does Ubiquinone reduce to Ubiquinol

A

it accepts 2e- amd 2H+

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30
Q

Complex III

A

Q-Cytochrome C oxidoreductase

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31
Q

what is a cytochrome

A

an electron transferring chain containing one or more heme group

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32
Q

how many electrons to cytochromes carry

A

1

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33
Q

what cytochromes does complex III contain

A

cyt b & cyt c

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34
Q

WHere does Complex III take electrons from

A

QH2

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35
Q

Complex III electron flow process

A

Tkaes from QH2, oxidizes back to Q, transfers electrson ONE AT A TIME to 2Fe-wS cluster, then to heme C, then to heme c in cyt c

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36
Q

what cycle does complex III take place in

A

Q cycle

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37
Q

What is the Q cycle

A

process of transfering e- from ubiquinol to cytochrome C

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38
Q

What does cytochrome b do

A

moves e- into a ‘holding’ pattern

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39
Q

What is cytochrome C

A

electron shuttle that contains heme c

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40
Q

Heme C

A

water soluble protein that carries 1e- from complex III to complex IV

41
Q

where is cyt c

A

sits on surface of IMM

42
Q

how does cytochrome C move

A

free –> can move from complex to complex

43
Q

shape of cyt C

A

spherical

44
Q

how many H+ does complex III pump

A

4 (2 from matrix, 2 from Qh2)

45
Q

Complex IV

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

46
Q

What does Cytochrome C oxidase do

A

carries out final reduction

47
Q

What is the final reduction

A

O2 to water

48
Q

where does the final reduction get it’s e- from

A

cyt C

49
Q

what 2 cytochromes does cCytochrome C oxidase contain

A

cyt a & cyta3

50
Q

What copper centers does Cytochrome C oxidase contain

A

CuA & CuB

51
Q

How to electrons flow through Cytochrome C oxidase

A

heme c -> CuA -> heme A -> hemea3/CuB

52
Q

How many electrons are required to reduce O2 to 2H20

A

4

53
Q

How many H+ are moved into the IMS by Cytochrome C oxidase

A

4

54
Q

what does Cytochrome C oxidase prevent

A

release of partially reduced O2

55
Q

how many protons does 2e- from NADH pump

A

10

56
Q

how many protons does 1e- from FADH2 pump

A

6

57
Q

What does ATP synthase do

A

harness the PMF created by the ETC to generate ATP

58
Q

What are the 2 components of ATP Synathase

A

F1 and F0

59
Q

WHere is F0

A

embedded in the IMM

60
Q

What does F0 contain

A

1/2 channels that protons flow through

61
Q

WHere is F1

A

extends into matrix from F0

62
Q

What does F1 do

A

synthesizes ATP when coupled to the spin generated when protons flow through F0

63
Q

What is F1 made up of

A

3 alpha-beta subunits arranged in a ball

64
Q

What is in the center of the alpha-beta ball

A

gamma shaft

65
Q

Does the F1 subunit rotate?

A

THe alpha-beta ball is stationary, but gamma subunit rotates

66
Q

What is the property of

A
67
Q

What is the property of the gamma shaft?

A

It is asymmetric -> so it binds to each fo the alpha-beta subunits differently

68
Q

What are the 3 different alpha beta subunit sites

A

1) loose site (L) -> binds ADP + Pi
2) TIght Site (T) -> synthesize ATP
3) Opener Site (O) -> release ATP

69
Q

How does the gamma shaft spin

A

F0 uses the proton gradient

70
Q

Does each alphabeta subunit remain constant?

A

No -> rotates between L,T,O conformation

71
Q

what does a 120º roation of gamma shaft result in

A

the release of 1 ATP into the matrix

72
Q

What is a P:O value

A

number of ATP 2e- can generate

73
Q

P:O value for NADH

A

2.5 ATP/NADH

74
Q

P:O value for FADH2

A

1.5 ATP/FADH2

75
Q

What is F0 composed of

A

subunit a and subunit c

76
Q

F0: what is subunit c composed of

A

2 alpha helicies that span the membrane

77
Q

how many subunit c’s are there in F0

A

9-12 arrnaged into the cylinder

78
Q

what is the key resideu in subunit c alpha helicies

A

asparate/aspartic acid

79
Q

what is subunit a known as

A

clamp

80
Q

what does subunit a do

A

covers 2 c subunits

81
Q

What does subunit a contain

A

2 half channels:
1) open to intermembrane psace
2) open to matrix

82
Q

does subunit a or c rotate?

A

Subunit c rotates
subunit a is stationary

83
Q

When can subunit c move into the membrane

A

1) if it is uncharged
2) If it is covered by subunit a (masks charge from membrane)

84
Q

What happens when [ATP]/([ADP][Pi]) is high

A

low ADP, O2 consumption drops

85
Q

What happens when [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] is low

A

high ADP, O2 consumption increases

86
Q

What is acceptor control

A

regulation of cellular respiration by the availability of ADP as a phosphate acceptor

87
Q

what does 2,4 dinitlophenol do

A

uncouples the ETC and ATP synthase by carrying H+ across the IMM, reducing the H+ gradient

88
Q

what does uncoupling cause

A

The ETC speeds up, but ATP synthase remains the same -> proton gradient collaposes and ATP syntehsis will stop

89
Q

How do electrons on NADH in the cytosol get to the ETC

A

1) glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
2) Asparate malate shuttle

90
Q

where is the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

A

skeletal muscle and brain

91
Q

where is the Asparate malate shuttle

A

liver, kidney. cardiac myocytes

92
Q

What are the reactions that happen in the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (in order)

A

1) DHAP -> Glycerol 3- phosphate (via. cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
2) NADH -> NAD+
3) Glycerol-3-phosphate -> DHAP (via. IMM bound Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
4) FAD -> FADH2
5) Q -> QH2

93
Q

what are the reactions that happen in the asparate malate shuttle (in order)

A

1) oxaloacetate -> malate
2) NADH -> NAD+
3) malate/alpha-ketoglutarate translocase
4) malate -> oxaloacetate
5) NAD -> NADH
6) oxaloacetate -> asaparate + alpha ketoglutarate ( via glutamate)

94
Q

How are ATP and ADP transported across the IMM

A

ATP/ADP translocate

95
Q

How does ATP/ADP translocate work

A

exchanges 1ATP in the matrix for one ADP in the cytosol

96
Q

What is ATP/ADP translocate driven by

A

charge gradient created by PMF

97
Q

How is Pi transported across the IMM

A

phosphate translocate

98
Q

What is phosphate translocate driven by

A

PMF

99
Q

how is pyruvate tranpsorted into the matrix

A

pyruvate translocase

BIOC (4 decks)

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