OWBM Flashcards

1
Q

Last major outbreak of OWBM

A

3-5 year outbreaks but the last one was in 2004, where 1 million tonnes of wheat was lost

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2
Q

Out breaks are…

A

Serious but sporadic, they’re sporadic due to specific growth stages.

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3
Q

Crops are at most risk if..

A

Peak adult emergence coincides with GS53-59

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4
Q

What crops can OWBM be found in

A

Wheat, barley, oats, sometimes in grass, often occurring with leather jackets

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5
Q

Sprayed?

A

They’re prophylactically sprayed but problematic with non targets

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6
Q

3 reasons of Importance

A
  1. Larvae feed on developing grain- grain shrivelling although signs of other problems it’s a good indication of OWBM.
  2. Poor germination
  3. Impacts of grain yield and quality
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7
Q

Importance with secondary problems

A

Grain lost through secondary problems- damage to outer grain layer, facilitating water entry and causes sprouting and secondary fungal attacks

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8
Q

3 examples of prevention

A

Crop rotations
Break crops
Resistant varieties

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9
Q

Crop rotations

A

Problematic since impractical to have 10 year rotations due to survival of larvae as cocoons in the soil

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10
Q

Break crop example

A

OSR can reduce soil population

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11
Q

Resistant varieties examples

A

From group 1: Skyfall
New ones include: Prince, merit or illuminate

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12
Q

Localised pest

A

They fly but not far, females can fly into nearby fields so treatment should include surrounding wheat fields

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13
Q

Identify OWBM

A

Both adult/larvae are orange

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14
Q

What are adult OWBM similar to

A

Yellow blossom midge

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15
Q

What are OWBM larvae similar to

A

Sandal gaul midge larvae

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16
Q

How do you know it is OWBM and not sandal gaul midge

A

Sandal haul midge is more sporadic (not had an outbreak for 30 years) so assume it’s OWBM

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17
Q

Correct identification is…

A

Crucial to IPM success

18
Q

4 examples of detection

A
  1. Pheromone trapping
  2. Crop inspections
  3. Sticky traps/spider webs
  4. Sample when cultivating
19
Q

Pheromone trapping

A

Placed in fields where OWBM was recorded the previous year. Most recommended

20
Q

How often should you change pheromone traps

A

Replace every 3 weeks for efficiency

21
Q

When should pheromone traps be set out

A

Set traps at GS 45 which is the flag leaf sheath swollen, leave trap in situ until GS 61 (flowering)

22
Q

How often should you check pheromone traps

A

Cheeky daily

23
Q

Crop inspections should be done at

A

On the evening when they are more active and flying, but this is impractical and you can double count individuals

24
Q

Sampling benefits

A

Targets larvae and pupae, provides info on pest development, provides early warning

25
Q

Sampling drawbacks

A

Expensive to conduct

26
Q

Stick traps info

A

Put out at the start of ear emergence, does not monitor pupae or larvae, unreliable, targets adults not larvae

27
Q

Action thresholds: soils sample

A

Pupae recorded- more than 11/kg soil

28
Q

Action thresholds: sticky traps

A

Adults recorded: more than 10/trap/day

29
Q

Action thresholds: crop inspection

A

Adults recorded: more than 1/6 ears sampled

30
Q

Action thresholds: pheromone trapping

A

Adults recorded: more than 30/trap/day - present a general risk- monitor
More than 120/ trap/ day presents high risk- treat susceptible crops

31
Q

What are the 4 natural enemies of OWNM

A

Dance flies
Spiders (webs)
Ground beetle
Parasitic wasp

32
Q

What do the 4 natural enemies target

A

Dance flies- feed on adults
Spiders- webs traps adults
Ground beetle- feed on larvae
Parasitic wasp- attack larvae+ prevent pupation

33
Q

What should we promote for natural enemies

A

You can’t buy, but promote naturally occurring: beetle banks, avoid bros spectrum pyrethroids, flower rich margins good for all but especially for ground beetles- providing pollen and supplementary nutrition

34
Q

Chemical controls for OWBM

A

Chlorpirifos which is an organophosphate and targeted eggs, larvae and adults but no longer approved for use in the UK. Now the most commonly used one is Lamda-sialothrin which is a purethroid and grafted adults

35
Q

Problem with natural enemies

A

Incompatible with one another

36
Q

Favourable temperatures for OWBM

A

Warmer temps, 10 degrees plus, generally humid for pupae to emerge into adults.

37
Q

Problems with wild flower margins

A

They’re effective but costly, there’s not much information on species of wildflower promoting natural enemies, most of the current effort is on bees, won’t find many pre made mixes for natural enemies

38
Q

What might you do if action threshold is detected ?

A

If you grow a resistant variety, no action is required an no need to monitor or apply insecticide, otherwise….
set up traps prior to ear emergence as these are the sources of pests…..
If wheat is at ear emergence stage check traps, the crop is no longer vulnerable when flowering starts…

39
Q

What might you do if action threshold is met… continued

A

If ear is at emergence.. if catches are over 30 trap/day continue to check but if over 120 trap/ day treat wheat and surrounding fields

40
Q

Action threshold for feed wheat

A

1 midge on three ears

41
Q

Action threshold for milling wheat/seed crop

A

1 on 6 ears

42
Q

Problems with beetle banks

A

Beetles move into headlands of field but not that effective in the centre- talk on beetle banks in the middle- problems with spraying- equipment sizes, cost etc