owao Flashcards by Sam love

made from specialized cells that were made
during development and intended to group together
to perform specific functions

Tissue

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science that deals with the study of tissues
Relating knowledge of different tissues can brought
understanding of underlying changes in the body
such development, growth and even disease
existence

Histology

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is a physician who examines tissues for changes
that may indicate damage or disease

Pathologist

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is a physician who examines tissues for changes
that may indicate damage or disease

Pathologist

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THREE LAYERS OF CELLS

Ectoderm-outer layer
Mesoderm- middle layer
Endoderm- inner layer

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while cells continue to divide, they also form distinct
properties through this process

Differentiation

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covers body surfaces, forms glands, and lines body
cavities, hollow organs, and ducts and perform several
functions such as:

Epithelial Tissue

It protects underlying structures.
It acts as a barrier.
It permits passage of substances.
It secretes.
It absorbs

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Cell shape

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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Thin and flat cells that allow diffusion and
filtration

Squamous

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Cube-shaped cells that may have
microvilli at their apical surface for
secretion or absorption

Cuboidal

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Tall and thin cells that may have
microvilli or cilia at their apical surface for
secretion and absorption

Columnar

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Change shape from flat to cuboidal and
back. These cells are found in organs
that can stretch like the urinary bladder

Transitional

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Cell Layers

Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified

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has only one layer of cells and
primary function is to move materials

Simple

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has a single layer but appears to
have many due to cells’ nuclei are
placed at many levels

Pseudostratified

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has multiple layer of cells and
intended for protection

Stratified

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Types of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium

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Single layer of cube-shaped cells, some cells have
microvilli or cilia

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Single layer of cube-shaped cells, some cells have
microvilli or cilia

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some
protection against friction

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic
vessels, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney
tubules, lining of serous membranes of the body
cavities

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Single layer of cube-shaped cells, some cells have
microvilli or cilia

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney
tubules; secretion by cells of glands and choroid
plexuses; movement of particles embedded in
mucus out of the termina bronchioles by ciliated
cells

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Kidney tubules, glands and ducts, choroid plexuses
of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the
lungs, and surfaces of the ovaries

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestine; absorption by cells of the intestine

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus., uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles of the brain

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of cells; same cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface and move mucus that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of lungs

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and cells are dead

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against infection, and reduces loss of water from the body

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Keratinized-outer layer of the skin; nonkeratinizedmouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, and corneas

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

from layers of cube-like cells intended to assist in secretion, absorption and protection

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

lining of the ducts of sweat glands, esophageal glands and parts of the male urethra

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the surface cells are columnar. The deeper layers are irregular or cuboidal in shape

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

stratified columnar epithelium is relatively rare. It is found in the mammary gland ducts, the larynx, and a portion of the male urethra carries out secretion, protection, and some absorption

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched • In the unstretched state, transitional epithelium consists of five or more layers of cuboidal or columnar cells that often are dome-shaped at the free surface • stretched, the cells change to a low cuboidal or squamous shape, and the number of cell layers decreases

Transitional Epithelium

Cell Connection Cell Junction

Tight junctions Adherens junctions Desmosomes Hemidesmodomes Gap junctions

fuse cells together tightly to prevent substances from passing between the cells

Tight junction

runs along micro laments to form a belt or strap-like structure called an

adhesion belt

plaque a dense layer of proteins just inside the plasma membrane

Adherens junctions

• the plaque binds to intermediate laments and does not form a belt • they adhere at specific spots

Desmosomes

resemble half of a desmosome. They do not adhere adjacent cells but rather attach cells to membranes.

Hemidesmodomes

form channels that allow ions and molecules to pass between cells

Gap junctions

ight junctions prevent the contents of these organs from leaking out

Tight junction

found in tissues with simple epithelia like those that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder

tight junction

This arrangement resists separation even when stretched

adherence junction

permits cells in a tissue to communicate and enables nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells

gap junction

made of glandular epithelial cells that secretes substances either in the surface or in the bloodstream. These glandular epithelial cells form both endocrine and exocrine glands

Glands

ductless and secrete substance called hormones directly into the interstitial fluid then to the blood

Endocrine gland

secrete substances through tubes or ducts

Exocrine Gland

includes thyroid gland, pituitary gland

Endocrine Gland

sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands

exocrine gland

Structure based on shape of ducts

Simple Compound

the duct ends directly into the secretory portion

simple

the duct ends into multiple secretory branches

compound

Based in Secretory units

Tubular Acinar/Alveolar straight saclike structure

Cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport or produce vesicles that contain secretory products, and the vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis

Merocrine gland

Secretory products are stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the cell near the lumen containing secretory products is pinched off the cell and joins secretions produced by a merocine process.

Apocrine gland

Secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland. Entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion. The lost cells are replaced by other cells deeper in the gland

Holocrine gland

contains various cells, fibers and other substances. It protects and supports the body and its organs. No wonder it is one of the most abundant tissues.

connective tissue