Övrigt Flashcards
True or false? According to Wilkinson and Pickett, higher equality leads to less crime and a higher
level of trust.
True
True or false? According to Allard, welfare has two levels, living standards and quality of life.
True.
According to Allard, welfare can indeed be understood as having two levels: living standards and quality of life. Living standards typically refer to material well-being, such as income, housing, and access to basic goods and services. On the other hand, quality of life encompasses broader aspects of well-being, including health, education, social relationships, and overall life satisfaction. Both are integral to understanding the full scope of welfare and its impact on individuals and societies.
Who said that “By necessities, I understand not only the commodities which are indispensably
necessary for the support of life but whatever the custom renders it indecent for creditable people,
even of the lowest order, to be without?
Choose one option
Sen
Nolan and Marx
Smith
Townsend
The correct answer is Smith.
This quote is from Adam Smith, who discussed the concept of “necessities” in The Wealth of Nations. He argued that necessities are not only the basic items required for survival but also those goods that society considers essential for maintaining social respectability, even for the poorest members of society.
Feminists regard definitions of income by household of family to be problematic due to:
Choose one option.
Intra-household inequalities
High mortality rates
Gender pay-gap
Marxist values
The correct answer is Intra-household inequalities.
Feminists argue that definitions of income by household or family are problematic because they often overlook intra-household inequalities. These inequalities occur when income and resources are not distributed equally within households, which can result in some members, particularly women, having less control over or access to household resources. This perspective highlights the need for more nuanced ways of measuring income and well-being that consider the distribution of resources within households.
What year did Finland introduce a general pension system?
Choose one option.
1895
1913
1937
1900
What year did Finland introduce a general pension system?
Choose one option.
1895
1913
1937
1900
True or false?
Nordic countries are well known for their comprehensive welfare states and their high levels of
inequality.
Choose one option.
False
True
The correct answer is False.
While Nordic countries are indeed known for their comprehensive welfare states, they are not characterized by high levels of inequality. In fact, Nordic countries, such as Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland, typically have low levels of income inequality due to their strong social welfare programs, progressive taxation, and policies aimed at reducing disparities in wealth and income. These countries prioritize social equality, making them some of the most equal societies in the world.
Which of the Nordic countries has the highest level of female labor force participation?
Choose one option.
Finland
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
The correct answer is Sweden.
Among the Nordic countries, Sweden has the highest level of female labor force participation. Sweden has long been known for its progressive policies that support gender equality, including generous parental leave, subsidized childcare, and efforts to promote women’s participation in the workforce. These policies have helped make it easier for women to balance work and family life, leading to high rates of female labor force participation.
The social protection systems in Western Europe focused on?
Choose one option.
Security and stability
Equality or emancipation
The correct answer is Security and stability.
The social protection systems in Western Europe have traditionally focused on providing security and stability for citizens, especially in times of need, such as during illness, unemployment, or old age. These systems are designed to ensure a basic standard of living and to reduce risks associated with social and economic vulnerabilities. While equality and emancipation are important aspects in some countries, the primary focus has historically been on providing financial security and social stability.
The early development of welfare systems in West Central Europe was developed by which two
groups?
Choose two options.
The mobilisation of workers
The political Left
Liberal and atheist forces
The correct answers are:
The mobilisation of workers
The political Left
The early development of welfare systems in West Central Europe was largely influenced by the mobilisation of workers and the political Left. Workers’ movements and the political Left pushed for reforms to improve living and working conditions, leading to the establishment of social welfare programs. These groups advocated for rights like pensions, healthcare, and unemployment insurance to protect workers and reduce inequality.
The communist regime in the Soviet Union collapsed in:
Choose one option.
1982
1989
1991
1998
The correct answer is 1991.
The communist regime in the Soviet Union officially collapsed in 1991. This marked the end of the Soviet Union, following a period of political instability, economic decline, and reforms such as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) under Mikhail Gorbachev. The collapse led to the independence of several former Soviet republics and the formation of the Russian Federation.
True or false? Before the communist regimes, the Central and East European countries were not
influenced by the Bismarckian model of social welfare policies.
Choose one option.
True
False
The correct answer is False.
Before the communist regimes, many Central and East European countries were indeed influenced by the Bismarckian model of social welfare policies. The Bismarckian system, which originated in Germany in the late 19th century, was based on contributory social insurance programs for workers, covering areas like healthcare, pensions, and unemployment benefits. Many countries in the region, such as Austria, Hungary, and Poland, adopted elements of this model before transitioning to communist-style welfare systems after World War II.
Which country had three different pension levels depending on profession (miners, chemistry and
heavy industries, remaining workers)?
Choose one option.
Bulgaria
Poland
Romania
Czechoslovakia
The correct answer is Poland.
In Poland, under the communist regime, the pension system was structured into three different levels based on profession. Workers in mining, chemistry, and heavy industries received more favorable pension conditions compared to other workers. This system reflected the state’s prioritization of certain industries that were considered essential for economic and industrial development.
Which state decided in mid-2009 to “the current balance between state, market, and family
should be shifted in favour or more market, more family, and less state”?
Choose one option.
Portugal
Italy
Spain
Greece
The correct answer is Italy.
In mid-2009, the Italian government decided that the balance between state, market, and family should shift towards more market and family involvement, with less reliance on the state. This reflected a move towards a more liberal approach to welfare, reducing public spending on social programs and emphasizing private sector and family-based care instead.
True or false?
Housing is necessary, but not necessarily sufficient, to solve the problem of homelessness.
Choose one option.
False
True
The correct answer is True.
While housing is necessary to address homelessness, it is not necessarily sufficient on its own. Homelessness is often linked to other complex factors such as mental health issues, substance abuse, unemployment, and lack of social support. Effective solutions require not only housing but also comprehensive support services like healthcare, employment assistance, and social integration programs to help individuals maintain stable living conditions.
True or false? Homeless people often have lower difficulties to obtain treatment and access
ongoing care.
Välj ett alternativ:
False
True
The correct answer is False.
Homeless people often face greater difficulties in obtaining treatment and accessing ongoing care. Barriers include lack of health insurance, stigma, unstable living conditions, and difficulty in maintaining medical appointments. Many also struggle with mental health issues and substance abuse, which can further complicate access to proper care.
The OECD stipulates that in the mid-2000s the average employment rate of persons with
disabilities were just above:
Välj ett alternativ:
40 %
20 %
75 %
60 %
Det korrekta svaret är: 40 %
OECD har rapporterat att i mitten av 2000-talet låg sysselsättningsgraden för personer med funktionsnedsättning strax över 40 % i genomsnitt.
True or false?
Williams states that “well in its still familiar sense and fare, primarily understood as a journey or
arrival but later also as a supply of food”.
Choose one option.
True
False
False
Raymond Williams, in his work Keywords, does discuss the evolution of words like fare and well, but the statement as presented is inaccurately phrased and conflates meanings in a way that doesn’t reflect his exact wording or intent.
True or false?
According to Helliwell, there is a measurable difference in happiness between people in rich or
poor countries.
Choose one option.
False
True
True
According to John Helliwell and other researchers involved in the World Happiness Report, there is a measurable difference in happiness between people in rich and poor countries. While income isn’t the only factor, higher national income levels are generally associated with higher average life satisfaction.
True or false?
Allardt states: “the amount of welfare is defined by the degree of need-satisfaction.”
Choose one option.
True
False
True
Erik Allardt did state that “the amount of welfare is defined by the degree of need-satisfaction.” His welfare theory emphasizes three dimensions of well-being: Having, Loving, and Being, all of which relate to how well individual needs are satisfied.
True or false?
Defining the term “welfare state” comes with a number of difficulties. The first and probably most
striking difficulty is the huge empirical diversity of welfare states.
Choose one option.
False
True
True
It is true that defining the term “welfare state” comes with several difficulties, and the first and most striking one is the huge empirical diversity among welfare states. Different countries implement welfare in varying ways, making a single, clear-cut definition challenging.
True or false?
A variant of the budget approach is based on the idea, originally captured in Engel’s Law, that the
proportion of the budget spent on food provides an accurate (inverse) indicator of the standard of
living.
Choose one option.
False
True
True
This statement is true. A variant of the budget approach does indeed draw on Engel’s Law, which states that as income rises, the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if actual expenditure on food rises. Therefore, a higher proportion spent on food typically indicates a lower standard of living, making it a useful inverse indicator.
True or false?
Within certain limits the municipalities in Sweden can decide on their own welfare activities and
municipal tax rates to finance those activities.
Choose one option.
False
True
True
This is true. In Sweden, municipalities have a high degree of local autonomy. Within certain legal and constitutional limits, they can decide on their own welfare activities and also set their own municipal tax rates to finance those services. This is a key feature of the Swedish welfare model.
True or false?
One of the most important trademarks of the Nordic welfare state is its universalism rather than
specialism.
Choose one option.
True
False
True
This is true. One of the most important trademarks of the Nordic welfare state is its emphasis on universalism, meaning that welfare benefits and services are available to all citizens as a right, rather than being targeted only at specific, need-based groups (which would be characteristic of specialism).
True or false?
Bismarck introduced compulsory sickness, work accident and old age insurance programmes.
Choose one option.
False
True
True
This is true. Otto von Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany in the late 19th century, introduced the first modern social insurance programs, including compulsory sickness insurance (1883), accident insurance (1884), and old age and disability insurance (1889). These programs laid the foundation for the welfare state in many other countries.
True or false?
In Bismarckian welfare systems, social rights are traditionally derived from contributions paid in
employment.
Choose one option.
True
False
True
This is true. In Bismarckian welfare systems, social rights are based on employment and are typically earned through contributions made by workers and employers. Benefits are tied to prior earnings and work history, distinguishing them from universal systems where rights are granted based on citizenship rather than contribution.
The early development of welfare systems in West Central Europe was developed by:
Choose one or more options.
All of the above
The political Left
Conservatives and religious forces.
The mobilisation of workers
The correct options are:
Conservatives and religious forces.
The mobilisation of workers.
The early development of welfare systems in West Central Europe was influenced by conservatives and religious forces, particularly through Bismarck’s social insurance policies in Germany. Additionally, the mobilization of workers in response to industrialization and poor working conditions also played a significant role in the development of welfare policies, especially through labor movements.
The political Left became more directly involved in welfare policy later on, but the initial welfare systems were more closely associated with the conservative and religious forces, along with the mobilization of workers.
True or false?
In the liberal model, the state is seen as seeking to encourage individuals to work through the
provision of only low levels of benefits, and, rather than providing extensive welfare support,
strongly promoting individual provision through the private market.
Choose one option.
True
False
True
This is true. In the liberal welfare model, the state typically provides only minimal welfare benefits and aims to encourage individual work and self-reliance. It does not offer extensive welfare support but instead promotes individual provision through the private market, such as private insurance or savings, as seen in countries like the United States or the United Kingdom.
FEANTSA’s approach conceptualizes a ‘home’ in relation to three central domains: the physical
domain, the social domain and the legal domain. How many must be fulfilled for some sort of
living arrangement to be considered as a “home”?
Choose one option.
1
2
3
The correct answer is 3.
According to FEANTSA’s approach, all three domains—the physical domain, the social domain, and the legal domain—must be fulfilled for a living arrangement to be considered a “home”. This holistic view considers not just physical shelter but also social connections and legal rights or security.
True or false?
According to Oliver and Barnes, social-contextual understanding frames disability in terms of
oppression, systematic discrimination, exclusion and segregation, i.e. redefining disability as
socially and culturally created more than bio-medical understandings of disability.
Choose one option.
True
False
True
This is true. According to Oliver and Barnes, the social-contextual understanding of disability frames it as a result of oppression, systematic discrimination, exclusion, and segregation, rather than merely as a medical or biological condition. This perspective emphasizes that disability is socially and culturally constructed, challenging the traditional biomedical model that views disability purely in terms of physical or mental impairments.
