Overview Questions Flashcards
Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy considers what?
Features visible with the naked or unaided eye.
The human form shown upright, hands at the side, palms facing forward, and feet together is the _________ position?
Anatomical
A person laying face down is in the ________ position?
Prone
A person laying face up is in the ______ position?
Supine
The frontal plane divides the body into the ________ and ________ portions?
Anterior, Posterior
The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic and _________ cavities.
Thoracic
The layer of the pericardium covering the heart is the ________ pericardium.
Visceral
The pericardium lies within the _______.
Medistinum
________ is the anatomical term meaning, “toward an attached base”.
Proximal
________ is an anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level”.
Superior
The term ________ means “the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts”.
Anatomy
_______ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Physiology
The ________ level is comprised of the smallest stable units of matter.
Molecular
_______ are the smallest living units in the body.
Cells
The pleural cavity surrounds what organ?
Lung
(T or F) The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into either 4 or 9 regions?
True
(T or F) The axial skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments.
False
(T or F) Bone marrow acts as the primary site of red and white blood cell production.
True
(T or F) The pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth and fluid balance.
True
(T or F) The sagittal plane runs along the body’s long axis, extending anteriorly and posteriorly and dividing the body into L and R portions.
True
______ processes require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Active
A(n) _______ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge.
Electron
________ are atoms or molecules with an electric charge. (3)
Anions, Cations, Ions
_______ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.
Ionic Bonds
______ is stored energy.
Potential energy
_____ are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.
Nutrients
_______ are compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
Buffers
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of what?
Cations
What reaction breaks molecules into smaller fragments? (AB —> A + B)
Decomposition
Inorganic compounds do not contain hydrogen and ______ atoms.
Carbon
______ are 3 forms of decomposition reaction.
Catabolism, Digestion, Hydrolysis
_______ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration.
Diffusion
What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?
Osmosis
Which solution does not cause the net movement of water into or out of an RBC?
Isotonic
Which solution causes the movement of H20 into an RBC, causing it to swell and possibly lyse (burst)?
Hypotonic
Which solution causes an RBC to lose H20, causing the cell to shrink and dehydrate?
Hypertonic
Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called what?
Facilitated Diffusion
LR and NS are examples of what type of IV fluid?
Crystalloid
The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNS of the nucleus, are called what?
Ribosomes
What are the essential functions of epithelial cells? (3)
Control permeability, produce specialized secretions, and provide physical protection
_____ are examples of connective tissue. (3)
Blood, Bone, Fat
_______ are responsible for engulfing damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue.
Macrophages
______ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms.
Antibodies
The watery matrix in blood is called what?
Plasma
What type of muscle is also known as striated voluntary muscle because it is controlled by the nervous system and has a striated appearance?
Skeletal
_____ is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that accumulates in the epidermal cells.
Melanin
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called what?
Ecchymosis
_______ is the medical condition characterized by the eruption of groups of vesicles along the dermatology of a sensory nerve.
Herpes Zoster
The integument contains two types of exocrine glands: Sweat and ______
Sebaceous
The primary function of merocrine sweat glands is what?
To cool the surface of the skin
A blood clot consists mainly of an insoluble network of what?
Fibrin
A(n) _________ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or off.
Avulsion
What blood related process is the function of the skeletal system?
Production of RBCs in the red marrow
What is the expanded portion at each end of a long bone called?
Epiphyses
The outer surface of a bone is covered in a(n)?
Periosteum
What vitamin plays an important part in normal calcium metabolism?
Vitamin D3
What works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to elevate calcium levels in the body?
Calcitriol
A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is called what?
Subluxation
A ________ fracture has multiple bone fragments at the fracture site.
Comminuted
The pelvic girdle is included in what division of the skeleton?
Appendicular
The ___________ connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity and has the spinal cord passing through it.
Foramen magnum
What is suspended below the skull and serves as a base for muscles associated with the larynx, tongue, and pharynx?
Hyoid
What is the fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth called?
Fontanels
The _____ and _______ are the projections on the axis (C2) that forms a pivot joint with the atlas (C1) to allow a person to rotate their head side to side.
Dens and Odontoid Process
The superior portion of the sternum is called the what?
Manubrium
The arm (brachium), contains what single bone?
Humerus
The head of the femur connects with what curved surface of the pelvis?
Acetabelum
What are 2 functions of the skeletal muscle?
To produce movement of the skeleton and maintain body temp
_______ is the “key” that “unlocks” the active site of an actin molecule.
Calcium
______ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Arm muscles, after being in a cast, can develop smaller and weaker muscle fibers in a condition called what?
Atrophy
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm is called what?
Glycolysis
The specialized sites that are contacts between cardiac muscle cells are called what?
Intercalated discs
The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called what?
Pacemaker cells
Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord make up which nervous system?
Peripheral
Information is carried to the CNS by the ______ division, and motor commands are carried by the _______ division.
Afferent, Efferent
_______ increases the speed at which the action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelin
What is an example of a demyelination disorder?
Multiple sclerosis
What is a shift in the membrane potential toward 0mV called?
Depolarization
_______ is when a cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation.
Refractory period
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called what?
Adrenergic
The 3 layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are called what?
Meninges
Which part of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?
Cerebrum
The hypothalamus is connected to what gland, which is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Pituitary
Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as HR, BP, and digestive activities?
Medulla Oblongata
What condition is caused by an I’m a lance in the amount of CSF produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?
Hydrocephalus
The _______ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.
Sympathetic
What is caused by the stimulation of B1 receptors?
Increase in cardiac contractility, increase in HR, and increase in cardiac conduction
