Overview of the skeleton & Anatomical terminology Flashcards
Osteo=
bone
ology=
scientific study
Osteology
discipline dedicated to studying skeletons (bones and teeth)
Central skill in human osteology is what?
Identification
Components of identification
- which element of the skeleton
- which side of the body
How many bones in adult human skeleton?
206
How many bones in the skull?
28
How many bones in the vertebrae?
24
How many bones in the sacrum and coccyx?
2
How many bones in the ribs?
24
How many bones in the sternum and hyoid?
2
How many bones in the upper limbs?
10
How many bones in the hands?
54
How many bones in the lower limbs?
10
How many bones in the feet?
52
When siding
- left
- right
(if paired bones) - midline
How many teeth?
32
Examples of accessory bones
- fabella
- os ulnostyloideum
- supernumerary rib on lumbar vertebra (L1)
- “cervical rib”
Cranial
referring to skull (cranium + mandible)
Post cranial
referring to everything that is not the skull
Axial skeleton
central “axis”
Appendicular skeleton
“appendage”
- limbs, hands, feet, and girdles
Long bone example
humerus
Irregular bone example
vertebra
Flat bone example
sternum
Short bone example
talus
Describe anatomical position and why it is important
A standardized body posture in which:
- standing upright
- facing forward
- feet together with toes pointing forward
- arms along the sides
- palms forward and thumbs out
Planes of reference
1.) Coronal (frontal)
2.) Sagittal
3.) Transverse
Coronal (frontal) plane
- separates front and back
Sagittal plane
- separates one side from the other
Midsagittal plane
- goes down the midline and separates right and left halves
Transverse plane
- separates top from bottom
All the planes are______ to the others
orthogonal
Primary body axes in humans and other orthograde animals
- anterior
- posterior
- superior
- inferior
Orthograde
Trunk is oriented upright
Anterior
toward the front/in front
Posterior
toward the back/behind
Superior
toward the top/above
Inferior
toward the bottom/below
Primary body axes applicable to pronograde and orthograde animals
- ventral
- dorsal
- caudal
- cranial
Ventral
toward the belly
Dorsal
toward the back
Cranial
toward the head
Caudal
toward the tail
Pronograde
Trunk is oriented horizontally
The correct anatomical terminology can ensure that we are referring to _______ structures when making comparisons in different species
homologous
Other directional terms applicable to pronograde and orthograde animals
- medial
- lateral
- proximal
- distal
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
6 views (of the skull)
1.) Anterior view
2.) Posterior view
3.) Superior view
4.) Left Lateral view
5.) Right Lateral view
6.) Inferior view
(medial view)
Terms when talking about appendicular skeleton
- proximal
- distal
Proximal
toward the body’s core (closer to axial skeleton)
Distal
away from the body’s core
Anatomical directions specific to the feet and hands
Hand
- palmar
- dorsal
Foot
- plantar
- dorsal
Hand: palmar
toward the front of the hand
Hand: dorsal
toward the back surface of the hand
Foot: plantar
toward the sole of the foot
Foot: dorsal
toward the back of the foot
Joints and articulations are locations where_______ meet
bones
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
Tendons
attach muscle to bone
The more mobile a joint, the more unstable
True
Very stable joint
Immobile (suture)
Mobility vs. stability ______
trade-off
Fibrous joints
- least mobile
- they are bound together by strong connective tissue
Examples of fibrous joints
1.) Gomphosis (tooth to root)
2.) Suture
3.) Syndesmosis (interosseous membrane)
Cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
- NOT very mobile
- this is where two bones are united by cartilage only
The joint between ribs and sternum are_______
Synchondroses
Fibrocartilaginous joints
- also NOT very mobile
- cartilaginous layers persist between the bones
Examples of fibrocartilaginous joints
- intervertebral disc
- pubic symphysis
Synovial joints
- MOST mobile
- they have a specific structure
Specific structure of synovial joints
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage (hyaline)
- ligament
The shapes of synovial joints determines which movements can occur at them
- hinge
- ball and socket
- saddle
Example of a hinge joint
- elbow joint
Example of a ball and socket joint
- shoulder joint
- hip joint
Flexion
a bending movement that decreases joint angles
Example of a saddle joint
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Extension
a straightening out movement that increases joint angles
Elbow flexion
closing the joint, joint angle is small
Elbow extension
opening the joint, joint angle is large
ABduction
increasing joint angles in the sagittal plane
ADduction
decreasing joint angles in the sagittal plane
Circumduction
movement in a circular motion created through a combination of flexion/extension and adduction and abduction
Superpower of the primate elbow
pronation and supination
Pronation
radius and ulna cross
Supination
radius and ulna uncrossed in anatomical position
Also primate superpowers
- radial deviation
- ulnar deviation
- opposition of thumb
Movements of foot
- dorsiflexion
- plantar flexion
- pronated (eversion)
- supinated (inversion)
Eversion (pronated)
leaning inward
Inversion (supinated)
leaning outward
Hip movements
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension