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Osteology > Overview of the skeleton & Anatomical terminology > Flashcards

Overview of the skeleton & Anatomical terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Osteo=

A

bone

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2
Q

ology=

A

scientific study

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3
Q

Osteology

A

discipline dedicated to studying skeletons (bones and teeth)

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4
Q

Central skill in human osteology is what?

A

Identification

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5
Q

Components of identification

A
  • which element of the skeleton
  • which side of the body
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6
Q

How many bones in adult human skeleton?

A

206

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7
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

28

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8
Q

How many bones in the vertebrae?

A

24

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9
Q

How many bones in the sacrum and coccyx?

A

2

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10
Q

How many bones in the ribs?

A

24

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11
Q

How many bones in the sternum and hyoid?

A

2

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12
Q

How many bones in the upper limbs?

A

10

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13
Q

How many bones in the hands?

A

54

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14
Q

How many bones in the lower limbs?

A

10

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15
Q

How many bones in the feet?

A

52

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16
Q

When siding

A
  • left
  • right
    (if paired bones)
  • midline
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17
Q

How many teeth?

A

32

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18
Q

Examples of accessory bones

A
  • fabella
  • os ulnostyloideum
  • supernumerary rib on lumbar vertebra (L1)
  • “cervical rib”
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19
Q

Cranial

A

referring to skull (cranium + mandible)

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20
Q

Post cranial

A

referring to everything that is not the skull

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21
Q

Axial skeleton

A

central “axis”

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22
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

“appendage”
- limbs, hands, feet, and girdles

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23
Q

Long bone example

A

humerus

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24
Q

Irregular bone example

A

vertebra

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25
Q

Flat bone example

A

sternum

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26
Q

Short bone example

A

talus

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27
Q

Describe anatomical position and why it is important

A

A standardized body posture in which:
- standing upright
- facing forward
- feet together with toes pointing forward
- arms along the sides
- palms forward and thumbs out

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28
Q

Planes of reference

A

1.) Coronal (frontal)
2.) Sagittal
3.) Transverse

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29
Q

Coronal (frontal) plane

A
  • separates front and back
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30
Q

Sagittal plane

A
  • separates one side from the other
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31
Q

Midsagittal plane

A
  • goes down the midline and separates right and left halves
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32
Q

Transverse plane

A
  • separates top from bottom
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33
Q

All the planes are______ to the others

A

orthogonal

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34
Q

Primary body axes in humans and other orthograde animals

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • superior
  • inferior
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35
Q

Orthograde

A

Trunk is oriented upright

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36
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front/in front

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37
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back/behind

38
Q

Superior

A

toward the top/above

39
Q

Inferior

A

toward the bottom/below

40
Q

Primary body axes applicable to pronograde and orthograde animals

A
  • ventral
  • dorsal
  • caudal
  • cranial
41
Q

Ventral

A

toward the belly

42
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the back

43
Q

Cranial

A

toward the head

44
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail

45
Q

Pronograde

A

Trunk is oriented horizontally

46
Q

The correct anatomical terminology can ensure that we are referring to _______ structures when making comparisons in different species

A

homologous

47
Q

Other directional terms applicable to pronograde and orthograde animals

A
  • medial
  • lateral
  • proximal
  • distal
48
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline

49
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline

50
Q

6 views (of the skull)

A

1.) Anterior view
2.) Posterior view
3.) Superior view
4.) Left Lateral view
5.) Right Lateral view
6.) Inferior view

(medial view)

51
Q

Terms when talking about appendicular skeleton

A
  • proximal
  • distal
52
Q

Proximal

A

toward the body’s core (closer to axial skeleton)

53
Q

Distal

A

away from the body’s core

54
Q

Anatomical directions specific to the feet and hands

A

Hand
- palmar
- dorsal

Foot
- plantar
- dorsal

55
Q

Hand: palmar

A

toward the front of the hand

56
Q

Hand: dorsal

A

toward the back surface of the hand

57
Q

Foot: plantar

A

toward the sole of the foot

58
Q

Foot: dorsal

A

toward the back of the foot

59
Q

Joints and articulations are locations where_______ meet

A

bones

60
Q

Ligaments

A

attach bone to bone

61
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

62
Q

The more mobile a joint, the more unstable

A

True

63
Q

Very stable joint

A

Immobile (suture)

64
Q

Mobility vs. stability ______

A

trade-off

65
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • least mobile
  • they are bound together by strong connective tissue
66
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A

1.) Gomphosis (tooth to root)
2.) Suture
3.) Syndesmosis (interosseous membrane)

67
Q

Cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)

A
  • NOT very mobile
  • this is where two bones are united by cartilage only
68
Q

The joint between ribs and sternum are_______

A

Synchondroses

69
Q

Fibrocartilaginous joints

A
  • also NOT very mobile
  • cartilaginous layers persist between the bones
70
Q

Examples of fibrocartilaginous joints

A
  • intervertebral disc
  • pubic symphysis
71
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • MOST mobile
  • they have a specific structure
72
Q

Specific structure of synovial joints

A
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage (hyaline)
  • ligament
73
Q

The shapes of synovial joints determines which movements can occur at them

A
  • hinge
  • ball and socket
  • saddle
74
Q

Example of a hinge joint

A
  • elbow joint
75
Q

Example of a ball and socket joint

A
  • shoulder joint
  • hip joint
76
Q

Flexion

A

a bending movement that decreases joint angles

77
Q

Example of a saddle joint

A

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

78
Q

Extension

A

a straightening out movement that increases joint angles

79
Q

Elbow flexion

A

closing the joint, joint angle is small

80
Q

Elbow extension

A

opening the joint, joint angle is large

81
Q

ABduction

A

increasing joint angles in the sagittal plane

82
Q

ADduction

A

decreasing joint angles in the sagittal plane

83
Q

Circumduction

A

movement in a circular motion created through a combination of flexion/extension and adduction and abduction

84
Q

Superpower of the primate elbow

A

pronation and supination

85
Q

Pronation

A

radius and ulna cross

86
Q

Supination

A

radius and ulna uncrossed in anatomical position

87
Q

Also primate superpowers

A
  • radial deviation
  • ulnar deviation
  • opposition of thumb
88
Q

Movements of foot

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion
  • pronated (eversion)
  • supinated (inversion)
89
Q

Eversion (pronated)

A

leaning inward

90
Q

Inversion (supinated)

A

leaning outward

91
Q

Hip movements

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension

Osteology (4 decks)

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