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Overview of the nervous system > Overview of the nervous system > Flashcards

Overview of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What can the human nervous system be broken down into?

A

the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the brain?

A

a bunch of several structures that include the cerebrum (the left and right hemisphere), the spinal cord, and the cerebellum

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4
Q

What is the cranium?

A

the place that encases or holds the brain

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5
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

part of the brain; it connects the brain and body; the brainstem that passes through the foramen magnum

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6
Q

What is gray matter?

A

cell bodies or nuclei that process information in the brain; it makes up the cortex or outer layer of the brain; look dark in dissections

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7
Q

What is white matter?

A

extensions of the gray matter that transmit signals from one cell to another; A.K.A CNS tissues made up of axons that are covered by myelin; Appears light in dissection.

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8
Q

What structures protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and bony encasing

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9
Q

What is CSF?

A

fluid found in the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord; it protects and nourishes the brain

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10
Q

What are the meninges?

A

set of 3 tissue layers that cover the brain and spinal cord and have space for CSF to be in

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11
Q

The _____ protects the brain and the ______ protects the spinal cord.

A

cranium; vertebral column

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12
Q

What is the PNS?

A

nerves that leave the brain and spinal cord and go to the body’s muscles, tissues, and organs in order to innervate them.

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13
Q

What nerves make up the PNS?

A

12 cranial nerves that innervate the head and neck and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that innervate body parts below the neck

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14
Q

What can the PNS be divided into?

A

autonomic and somatic

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15
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

one part of the peripheral nervous responsible for unconscious control of body systems. Has two parts: sympathetic or fight or flight and parasympathetic (Rest and digest)

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16
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

One part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for voluntary body movements and bodily sensation.

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17
Q

What three areas does the cortex (outer layer of the brain) consist of?

A

primary, secondary (association), and tertiary (heteromodal)

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18
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

a term that describes the arrangement of primary motor and sensory areas; these areas are organized by the parts of the body (soma) that they control.

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19
Q

Why are the hands, lips, and mouth of the homunculus so big?

A

There are many brain cells controlling those areas.

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20
Q

What is tonotopy?

A

a term used to state that the regions within the auditory system are organized based on the pitch of a sound.

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21
Q

What is retinotopy?

A

a term used to state that regions in the visual cortex are arranged based on where the image hits the retina.

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22
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

a hill or ridge; a.k.a convolution (plural form is gyri)

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23
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

valley or enfolding (plural form is sulci)

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24
Q

What is a fissure?

A

a valley or enfolding; usually deeper than a sulcus

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25
Q

What is cortex?

A

outer layer of gray matter that covers the hemispheres

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26
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

bunch of cell bodies; a term used to describe structures in the central nervous system; plural form is nuclei

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27
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

bunch of cell bodies; term used to describe structures in the peripheral nervous system; plural form is ganglia

28
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

a group of axons

29
Q

What is a commissure?

A

band of fibers/axons that connect the two sides of the nervous system

30
Q

What is a projection tract?

A

group of axons that begin in the brain and extend outside of it, such as the spinal cord

31
Q

What is an association tract?

A

group of axons within the hemisphere; they connect lobes to each other or gyri to each other within a lobe

32
Q

What are the two categories of cells in the nervous system?

A

neurons and glial cells

33
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

they provide structure, protection, and management of waste

34
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

soma or cell body, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, axon terminal,

35
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The point where neurons communicate

36
Q

______ are the areas that are the core and initial location of processing

A

Primary areas

37
Q

_______ are the areas where further processing of input occurs; multiple aspects of signals and integration across modalities is combined.

A

Secondary (association) areas

38
Q

______ are the areas that are characterized by multimodal inputs and functions, such as the prefrontal cortex.

A

Tertiary (heteromodal) areas

39
Q

What landmark in the brain separates the left and right hemispheres?

A

sagital sulcus a.k.a. longitudinal fissure

40
Q

What lobes does the sylvian fissure a.k.a lateral sulcues separate?

A

temporal lobe inferiorly from the frontal lobes and superiorly from the parietal lobes

41
Q

Deep in the sylvian fissure is the ________

A

insula

42
Q

What landmarks are on the lateral surface of the brain?

A

central sulcus or sulcus of Rolando; sylvian fissure; insula; pre-central gyrus and post-central gyrus

43
Q

What landmarks are on the medial surface of the brain?

A

cingulate gyrus, thalamus, corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, hypothalamus, calcarine sulcus

44
Q

What are the three regions that the frontal lobes are divided by functionally?

A

anterior or prefrontal region (a.k.a. prefrontal cortex); posterior frontal region; posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus or the frontal operculum

45
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

executive functions, such as working memory, problem-solving, reasoning, and planning

46
Q

What is the function of the posterior region of the frontal lobe?

A

Has the motor cortices (supplementary motor areas, premotor area, and primary motor area)

47
Q

What is the function of posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

basic language expression

48
Q

Where is the primary motor area found?

A

within the pre-central gyrus

49
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobes?

A

awareness of one’s body in space; processing of senses and attention; awareness of one’s body i.e. knowing that you are tall or short, fat or skinny, etc.

50
Q

What is one function of the temporal lobe?

A

language comprehension

51
Q

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

A

motor control

52
Q

The _______ is the primary auditory processing area.

A

transverse gyrus or Heschl gyrus, located in the anterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus

53
Q

Where is the hippocampus located? What is its function?

A

Deep to the parahippocampal gyrus in the medial region; it turns short-term memory into long-term memory.

54
Q

What is the fusiform gyrus, where it is located, and what is its purpose?

A

Also known as the occipotemporal gyrus, it is located on the inferior surface of the temporal lobe. It is important for visual processing, particularly for faces

55
Q

What are the two areas found in the temporo-parietal-occiptal area? What purpose do they serve?

A

Angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus; they integrate signals from the language areas of the temporal lobe and visual signals from the occipital lobe to aid in visual language, namely reading and writing

56
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

A

visual processing at the occipital poles and around the calcarine sulcus

57
Q

What does the calcarine sulcus do?

A

It divides the occipital lobe into superior and inferior sections

58
Q

What are the subcortical structures of the brain?

A

basal ganglia and thalamus

59
Q

What are the major structures of the basal ganglia?

A

subthalamic nuclei, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and putamen

60
Q

What parts of the CNS is the basal ganglia connected to?

A

sensory areas of the CNS; brainstem; cerebellum; other motor areas such as the pre-central gyrus

61
Q

What attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

peduncles - these send signals to and from the cerebellum

62
Q

What role does the thalamus play in the CNS?

A

it is an area where most sensory signals, except for smell, synapse. It is connected to most regions in the CNS; thus, it plays a role in hunger, hormonal control, sleep/wake cycles, and cortical control.

63
Q

What are folia?

A

Sulci and gyri in the cerebellum

64
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

coordinating movement, maintaining balance, motor learning, and vision

65
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

66
Q

What role does the brainstem play?

A

plays a role in automatic and life sustaining functions; places where cranial nerves that are important to speech and swallowing are housed.

Overview of the nervous system (2 decks)

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