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FPP > overview of the nervous system > Flashcards

overview of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the human nervous system consist of?

A

It is comprised of the cns (central nervous system) and the pns (peripheral nervous system).

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2
Q

What does the cns consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the pns consist of?

A

the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic ) and the somatic nervous system

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4
Q

Sympathetic branch

A

fight or flight

  • increased heart rate, blood pressure
  • decreased digestive processes
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5
Q

parasympathetic branch

A

rest and digest
decreased heart rate, blood pressure
increase digestive processes

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6
Q

What are the major brain regions?

A
  1. forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon)
  2. brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata)
  3. cerebellum
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7
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest part of the forebrain- comprises the cerebral cortex and several subcortical structures.

  1. cerebral cortex
    - frontal lobe
    - temporal lobe
    - parietal lobe
    - occipital lobe
  2. Subcortical structures
    - hippocampus
    - basal ganglia
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8
Q

Structure of the cerebrum

A

has a convoluted surface containing ‘bumps’ - gyri.
‘grooves’- sulci
if the grooves are ‘deep’ - fissures

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9
Q

List the roles of the frontal lobe

A
  • control of voluntary movement
  • control of behaviour.
  • attention, planning and decision making
  • motivation and emotional regulation

’ home of our personality’

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10
Q

List the roles of the parietal lobe

A
  • sensory processing and interpretation e.g. touch

- proprioception (i.e equilibrium and balance of the body)

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11
Q

List the roles of the temporal lobe

A
  • auditory processing and interpretation e.g. speech

- memory e.g. formation of long term memories

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12
Q

List the roles of the occipital lobe

A
  • visual processing and interpretation (e.g. distance and depth perception, colour, object and face recognition)
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13
Q

Subcortical structures: hippocampus

Hippocampus function

A
  • learning
  • memory formation and retrieval
  • regulation of hypothalamus- pituitary adrenal axis.
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14
Q

What happens if there are dysfunctions within the hippocampus?

A

Clive wearing - contracted a virus that caused damage to his hippocampus.

  • anterograde amnesia ( unable to create new memories)
  • retrograde amnesia ( unable to recall past memories)
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15
Q

Subcortical structures: basal ganglia

Functions of the basal ganglia

A
  • involved in regulating movement (initiation and maintenance of movement , inhibit antagonist movements)
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16
Q

Basal ganglia dysfunction

A

no GABAergic neurons

no dopaminergic neurons

17
Q

The DIENCEPHALON

A

division of the forebrain situated between the cerebrum and the midbrain.
It comprises of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

18
Q

The thalamus

A

Large part of the nuclei located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon.

19
Q

What are the thalamus functions?

A
  • relay between sensory and motor systems and the cerebral cortex.
  • regulate arousal and pain, mood, motivation and cognitive functions
20
Q

what is synaesthesia?

A

it is a blending of information streams

  • hearing colour
  • feeling sounds
21
Q

Diencephalon : hypothalamus

Hypothalamus function?

A
  • smaller collection of nuclei with various functions
  • homeostatic, reproductive and other diverse functions (e.g. fight or flight response)
  • ‘fight or flight’ response involves the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis - cortisol and adrenaline release
22
Q

Hypothalamus dysfunction?

A

it plays a role in a number of conditions:

  • hypothyroidism
  • hyperthyroidism
23
Q

Brainstem is the portion of the brain that lies between the diencephalon and the spinal cord- comprises of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. What are the functions of each?

A

Midbrain functions
- include the control of eye movements, auditory and visual processing
Pons functions
- relay of motor information from cerebral hemispheres to the medulla, spinal cord and the cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
- cardiovascular (e.g. blood pressure) and respiratory homeostasis
- reflexive actions including vomiting, swallowing, coughing and sneezing,

24
Q

What does it mean by “brainstem dead”

A
  • unable to regain consciousness or breathe without the support of an artificial life support machine.
  • loss of blood circulation to all brainstem regions
25
Q

What does it mean by “locked in syndrome”?

A
  • awake and conscious but no means of producing speech, limb or facial movements
  • loss of blood circulation to pons.
26
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • the cerebellum does not initiate movement but detects differences in motor error between an intended movement and the actual movement.
  • aids the motor cortex to produce a precise, coordinated movement.
27
Q

Is the function of the cerebellum conserved?

A
  • it has been shown that e.g. the cerebellum is important in synchronisation of movement with musical rhythm.
  • this may be widespread in the animal kingdom.
28
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

A
  • cervical vertebrae- located in the neck and are named c1-c7
  • thoracic vertebrae- attached to the ribs and are named t1-t12
  • lumbar vertebrae- located in the lower back and are numbered l1-l5
  • sacral vertebrae- located within the pelvic area and are numbered s1-s5
29
Q

What is the structure of a spinal cord segment?

A

a spinal nerve passes into the vertebral notch and splits into 2 roots.

  • dorsal root - a bundle of sensory neuron axons that carry sensory info. into the spinal cord
  • ventral root- a bundle of motor neuron axons that carry info. away from the spinal cord to the striated muscle.

A transverse section of the spinal cord also reveals:

  • grey matter: comprised of neuronal cell bodies - divided into ‘horns’
  • white matter: comprised of axon bundles - divided into ‘columns’
30
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A
  • spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle and allow for movement as well as motor tracts that carry information for motor movement down from the brain.
  • spinal cord also receives sensory information (e.g. touch, pressure, temperature) from the periphery of our bodies and contains pathways by which that sensory information is transmitted to the brain.
31
Q

Spinal cord injury

A

tetraplegia- refers to the full or partial loss of sensation and movement in all 4 limbs and torso. CAUSED BY DAMAGE IN THE CERVICAL C1-C7 AREA

Paraplegia - refers to the full or partial loss of sensation and movement in both legs (and torso depending on the location of the lesion) CAUSED BY DAMAGE IN THE THORACIC, LUMBAR OR SACRAL AREA.

32
Q

Protection and support in the brain

A
  1. meninges
    2, ventricular system
  2. vasculature system
33
Q

The meninges
(3 membranous layers that cover the brain and the spinal cord)
What does it comprise of and what is its function?

A

the meninges comprises of:
- dura mater
-arachnoid membrane
- pia mater
The function of the meninges is:
- primary function is in the protection of the brain and the spinal cord
- passage of cerebrospinal fluid- ventricular system
- support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels - vasculature system

34
Q

The ventricular system of the brain ( a series of interconnected, cerebrospinal fluid filled spaces that lie at the core of the forebrain and the brain stem)
What does it consist of and what is its function?

A

the ventricular system consists of:
- lateral ventricles
- third ventricles
- fourth ventricle
The functions of the ventricular systems are:
- protection of the brain (e.g. cushion for physical shocks)
- transport (e.g. nutrients, waste products)
- other functions include the regulation of the buoyancy

35
Q

Vasculature of the brain ( 2 pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain: internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries)
structure and function?

A
  • anterior circulation - derived from the internal carotid arteries- supplies the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon)
  • posterior circulation- derived from the vertebral arteries - supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and the upper spinal cord.
    Function of the vasculature system:
  • delivery of oxygen
  • removal of carbon dioxide
  • transport (e.g. nutrients, waste products.)

FPP (2 decks)

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