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WEEK 9 SEM 4 > Overview of the immune system > Flashcards

Overview of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells does HIV affect?

A

T helper cells- so makes body immunocompromised

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2
Q

What can patients develop because of the immunocompromised nature of HIV?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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3
Q

What is a commensal organism?

A

organism always present in body

do no harm

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4
Q

How are commensal organisms protective?

A

increase competition with pathogenic microorganisms

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5
Q

What is the innate immune system responsible for?

A

non-specific response

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6
Q

What makes up the innate immune system?

A 
lysozyme enzyme= present in tears, nasal secretions, sebaceous gland•mucus
cilia lining the trachea
acid in the stomach
commensal organisms in the gut
skin
spermine in sperm
phagocytes
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7
Q

Where are phagocytes found?

A

blood: monocytes
liver: Kupffer cells
kidney: mesangial phagocytes
alveoli: macrophages
connective tissue: histiocytes
brain: microglial cells
spleen: macrophages
lymph nodes: resident and recirculating macrophages
synovial A cells-osteoclasts

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8
Q

What are the receptors on phagocytes?

A

toll like receptor (TLR)

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9
Q

What are examples of PAMPS?

A

lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria
lipoteichoic acid in gram positive bacteria
bacterial DNA sequences (unmethylated CpG)single/double stranded viral RNA
glucans in fungi

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10
Q

What do human TLR’s recognise?

A

PAMPS

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11
Q

What is opsonization?

A

coat microbe with protein (opsonin)
phagocyte has receptor for opsonin
so can detect and kill the pathogen

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12
Q

What are examples of opsonins?

A

antibodies (IgG)

proteins of compliment system (C3b, C4b)

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13
Q

What do acute phase proteins and C-reactive proteins do?

A

cause inflammation

part of innate immunity

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14
Q

What is the function of inflammation?

A

attract cells to site of infection

kill and clear the organisms

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15
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

part of innate system
look for changed body antigen
engulf the cells

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16
Q

What do interferons do?

A

interfere with virus- infect other cells

17
Q

What are antibodies made from?

A

B cells

18
Q

What is the name for 4 chains?

A

tetrameric

19
Q

What are the 2 types of light chain?

A

kappa and lambda

but one B cell can only make 1 type of light chain so any antibody can only have kappa or lambda not both

20
Q

What is light chain restriction?

A

one B cell can only make 1 type of light chain so any antibody can only have kappa or lambda not both

21
Q

Which antibody is made first?

A

IgM and then IgG

22
Q

What cells recognise the antigens?

A

T cells recognize antigen processed and presented by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells are one of the main types)

23
Q

What do antigen presenting cells do?

A

process peptides from the engulfed pathogens

combine it with their major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

24
Q

What are CD4 T helper cells presented to by?

A 
CD4 T helper cells are presented to by MHC class II
these have an alpha chain and a beta chain
dendritic cells and macrophages have MHC class II
25
Q

What are CD8 CYTOTOXIC cells presented to?

A

CD8 cytotoxic cells are presented to by MHC class I−these have an alpha chain and a beta 2 microglobulin−all nucleated cells have MHC class I (all cells in the body that have a nucleus)

26
Q

Why are HIV infected individuals prone to developing Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

CD4+ cells reduced in number affecting Th cell mediated immune function

27
Q

Why would taking antibiotics result in thrush?

A

Removal of harmless residual bacteria allowing replication of candida

28
Q

Which of the following statements explains the role of phagocytic cells in stimulating inflammatory responses?

A

Phagocytes have Toll-like receptors which recognise bacterial lipopolysaccharides stimulating production of inflammatory cytokines

29
Q

How does a phagocyte protect?

A

Protection from pathogens
processing and presentation of antigens (Ag)
Disposal of damaged/dying (apoptotic) cells
Activation of adaptive immune system
Links innate and adaptive immunity

30
Q

What are opsonins?

A

antibodies (IgG)

proteins of complement system (C3b, C4b)

31
Q

What is antibody structure?

A

Tetrameric protein with two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

32
Q

What is the best laboratory based diagnostic strategy for hepatitis A infection?

A

Presence of IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus

33
Q

What is MHCI made of?

A

alpha chain + beta 2-microglobulin

34
Q

What is MHCII made of?

A

alpha chain + beta chain;

35
Q

What are MHCII cells?

A

MHC II: antigen presenting cells: dendritic cells

macrophages

36
Q

What are MHCI cells?

A

all nucleated cells

WEEK 9 SEM 4 (9 decks)

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