Overview of the Immune System

Question 1

All multicellular organisms have developed various mechanisms for defending themselves against ______________.

Answer 1

foreign invaders

Question 2

Innate immunity is present in all individuals or animals at all times, hence it is the ____________ to microbial invasion.

Answer 2

initial response

Question 3

Innate immunity does not ________ between pathgoens.

Answer 3

discriminate

Question 4

Innate Immunity constitues the ______ and ______ lines of host defense.

Answer 4

Innatue Immunity constitues the first and second lines of host defense.

Question 5

Natural, Naive, or Nonspecific Immunity

Answer 5

Innate Immunity

Question 6

Acquired or Specific Immunity

Answer 6

Adaptive Immunity

Question 7

The adaptive immune response is mediated by _______________.

Answer 7

The adaptive immune response is mediated by T and B lymphocytes.

Question 8

The adaptive immune response is highly _______ for a particular pathogen.

Answer 8

The adaptive immune response is highly specific for a particular pathogen.

Question 9

In general, it takes the adaptive immune response ___________ for it to become fully functional when a pathogen invades the body.

Answer 9

In general, it takes the adaptive immune response several days for it to become fully functional when a pathogen invades the body.

Question 10

Unlike the innate immune response, the adaptive response _______ with each successive encounter with the same pathogen.

Answer 10

Unline the innate immune response, the adaptive response improves with each successive encounter with the same pathogen. (i.e. immunologic memory.)

Question 11

The adaptive immune response constitutes the _________ of host defense.

Answer 11

The adaptive immune response constitues the third line of host defense.

Question 12

When a microbe ________ innate immune responses, adaptive immune response is then enlisted.

Answer 12

When a microbe **eludes **innate immune responses, adaptive immune response is then enlisted.

Question 13

Acquired immunity does not operate __________ of innate immunity.

Answer 13

Acquired immunity does not operate **independently **of innate immunity.

Question 14

Acquired immunity __________ and _________ the nonspecific defense mehcanisms, producing a more effective total response.

Answer 14

Acquired immunity **supplements **and **augments **the nonspecific defense mechanisms, producing a more effective total response.

Question 15

The first line of defense against microorganisms is the ________ ________ and ________ ________ lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts.

Answer 15

The first line of defense against microorganisms is the **intact skin **and **mucous membranes **lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts.

Question 16

What makes up the first line of defense?

Answer 16

• Intact Skin
• Mucous membranes and their secretions, e.g. mucus.
• Normal Flora

Question 17

What makes up the second line of defense?

Answer 17

• Phagocytosis
• Inflammation and fever
• Antimocrobial substances

Question 18

The _____ _____ and the _____ _____ are much more susceptible to infectious agents because their immune responses are suboptimal.

Answer 18

The **very young **and the **very old **are much more susceptible to infectious agents because their immune responses are suboptimal.

Question 19

As individuals age, they sometimes lose some sense of _____ and ______. As a result they may have poor __________.

Answer 19

As individuals age, they sometimes lose some sense of **smell **and **taste. **As a result they may have **poor nutrition. **

Question 20

When individuals age appetites often decrease. As a result ________ deficiencies increase.

Answer 20

When individuals age appetites often decrease. As a result **vitamin deficiencies **increase.

Question 21

Dietary components such as _______ and vitamin A, D, C, and B complex are necessary for healthy immune responses.

Answer 21

Dietary components such as **protein **and vitamin A, D, C, and B complex are necessary for healthy immune responses.

Question 22

Skin is a ___________ barrier.

Answer 22

Skin is a **mechanical **barrier.

Question 23

The continuous sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells and keratin layer making up the _________, act as a formidable barrier to the entrance of microorganisms.

Answer 23

The continuous sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells and keratin layer making up the **epidermis, **act as a formidable barrier to the entrance of microorganisms.

Question 24

Epithelia also produce _________ that have a natural antibiotic function, eg, defensins.

Answer 24

Epithelia also produce **peptides **that have a natural antibiotic function, eg, defensins.

Question 25

In humans, the epidermis is completely renewed every ______ days.

Answer 25

In humans, the epidermis is completely renewed every **15-30 days. (so-called epithelial turnover).**

Question 26

What is produced by sebaceous oil glands and forms a protective film over the surface of the skin?

Answer 26

Sebum

Question 27

Sebum contains ______ and ______ acids that inhibit the growth of many microorganisms.

Answer 27

Sebum contains **lactic and fatty acids **that inhibit the growth of many microorganisms.

Question 28

This process flushes microorganisms from the surface of the skin.

Answer 28

Perspiration

Question 29

Sweat contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 29

Sweat contains **lysozyme**.

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ washes microorganisms from teeth and gums.

Answer 30

**Saliva** washes microorganisms from teeth and gums. **It also contains antibacterial agents, eg, lysozyme. **

Question 31

Components of Gastrointestinal Tract

Answer 31

* Low pH of the stomach * Normal Flora * Peristaltic movement (vomit/diarrhea) * Proteolytic enzymets, bile acids, and pancreatic secretions.

Question 32

Components of the Respiratory Tract

Answer 32

* Mucociliary escalator * Coughing and sneezing [speeds up the escalator] * Alveolar macrophages

Question 33

How do the eyes contribute to Innate immunity?

Answer 33

Flushing action of tears. Tears also contains lysozyme.

Question 34

How does the genitourinary tract contribute to innate immunity?

Answer 34

* **Urine**. Flushing action of urine; acidity of urine. Urine contains lysozyme. * **Vaginal lactic acid**.

Question 35

These are the microorganisms [mostly bacteria, fungi, protozoa] that colonize a host without causing disease.

Answer 35

Normal Flora

Question 36

Normal flora contribute to host defense by.....

Answer 36

Normal flora contribute to host defense by **preventing potential pathogens from colonizing the host.**

Question 37

Normal Flora competes for __________ sites and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 37

Normal flora competes for **attachment **sites and **nutrients [competitive exclusion.]**

Question 38

In the large intestines, _________ produce colicins that inhibit the growth of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.

Answer 38

In the large intestines, **E.coli **produce colicins that inhibit the growth of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.

Question 39

Normal Flora alters conditions that affect the survival of pathogens such as ____ and ____ availability.

Answer 39

Normal Flora alters conditions that affect the survival of pathogens such as **pH** and **O2** availability.

Question 40

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ in the vagina alters its pH to prevent overpopulation by *Candida albicans*.

Answer 40

***Lactobacillus acidophilus*** in the vagina alters its pH to prevent over population by *Candida albicans*.

Question 41

These are proteins that sequester iron, thereby reducing iron available to a pathogen.

Answer 41

Iron-binding proteins

Question 42

Examples of iron binding proteins...

Answer 42

transferrin, lactoferrin, and haptoglobin

Question 43

Iron plays a critical role in bacterial respiration as a component of the _______ and the iron-sulfide proteins involved in ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 43

Iron plays a critical role in bacterial respiration component of the **cytochromes** and the iron-sulfide proteins involved in **electron transport**.

Question 44

Iron-chelating compounds produced by various pathogenic bacteria that facilitate the uptake of iron by the bacterial cell.

Answer 44

**Siderophores**

Question 45

Inhibits the growth of obligate anaerobic bacteria, especially in the lungs.

Answer 45

**Oxygen tension **

Question 46

Plasma and cell surface proteins associated with lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, chemotaxis of phagocytes, and opsonization [the coating of an antigen or partile that facilitates its uptake into a phagocytic cell.]

Answer 46

**Complement**

Question 47

Low molecular weight glycoproteins produced by certain cells in response to viral infections.

Answer 47

**Interferons **

Question 48

Interferons have _______ and ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ activity.

Answer 48

Interferons have **antiviral** and **immune regulatory** activity.

Question 49

Body temperature ______ replication of some pathogens.

Answer 49

Body temperature **inhibits **replication of some pathogens. (example; FEVER enhances phagocytosis.)

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ production and __________ proliferation are more efficient at higher body temperatures than at normal levels.

Answer 50

**Antibody** production and **T cell** proliferation are more efficient at higher body temperatures than at normal levels.

Question 51

Fever can be induced by bacterial _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 51

Fever can be induced by bacterial **endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])** and **interleukin-1.**

Question 52

Inflammation is a process which begins following ________ injury to tissue and ends with complete healing.

Answer 52

Inflammation is a process which begins following **sublethal** injury to tissue and ends with complete healing.

Question 53

Cause of inflammation may be....

Answer 53

Cause of inflammation may be **microbiological, physical, or chemical**.

Question 54

Inflammation results in the bringing of _______ components and cells of the ______ system to the site of ______ damage.

Answer 54

Inflammation results in the bringing of **blood** **components** and cells of the **immune system** to the site of **tissue** **damage**.

Question 55

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 55

**Antibody-mediated [humoral] immunity ** **Cell-mediated immunity**

Question 56

Antibodies are soluble _______ produced as a result of interaction between a B lymphocyte and an antigen.

Answer 56

Antibodies are soluble **proteins** produced as a result of interaction between B lymphocyte and an antigen.

Question 57

The antibody has the ability to combine with the ________ that stimulated its production.

Answer 57

The antibody has the ability to combine with the **antigen** that stimulated its production.

Question 58

Where are antibodies found?

Answer 58

* plasma * lymph * tissue fluids of the body

Question 59

Antibodies are most effective in eliminating.....

Answer 59

Antibodies are most effective in eliminating **extracellular antigens and bacterial toxins.**

Question 60

An adaptive immune response in which antigen specific T cells play the main role.

Answer 60

**Cell-mediated immunity **

Question 61

Macrophages and natural killer cells, although __________ cells, are included with T cells in cell-mediated immune responses.

Answer 61

Macrophages and natural killer cells, although **nonspecific cells, **are included with T cells in cell-mediated immune responses.

Question 62

\_\_\_\_\_ responses are *most important against intracellular parasites, *in allograft rejection, and in delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Answer 62

**CMI (Cell-mediated immunity) responses** are *most important against intracellular parasties, *in allograft rejection, and in delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 63

The adaptive immune response is divided into ____ phases.

Answer 63

The adaptive immune response is divided into **three phases.**

Question 64

What are the three phases of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 64

* The recognition of antigen by antigen-specific lymphocytes * the activation of the lymphocytes * the effector phase

Question 65

The effector phase of the adaptive immune response results in _________ of the antigen.

Answer 65

The effector phase of the adaptive immune response results in **destruction** of the antigen.

Question 66

Activation of lymphocytes results in _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 66

Activation of lymphocytes results in **clonal expansion.**

Question 67

Clonal expansion is the proliferation of _______________ in response to antigenic stimulation and precedes their differentiation into *effector cells* and *memory cells.*

Answer 67

Clonal expansion is the proliferation of **antigen specific T and B lymphocytes** in response to antigenic stimulation and precedes their differentiation into effector cells and memory cells.

Question 68

Clonal expansion is a critical step in adaptive immunity, allowing rare antigen-specific T and B cells to ___________ so that they can effectively combat the pathogen that elicited the response.

Answer 68

Clonal expansion is a critical step in adaptive immunity, allowing rare antigen-specific T and B cells to **increase in number** so that they can effectively combat the pathogen that elicited the response.

Question 69

Following elimination of the antigen, the immune response subsides and _________ is restored.

Answer 69

Following elimination of the antigen, the immune response subsides and **homeostasis** is restored.

Question 70

Produces monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and other cells.

Answer 70

**myeloid lineage**

Question 71

produces lymphocytes

Answer 71

** lymphoid lineage **

Question 72

What is the onset of Innate Immunity?

Answer 72

Rapid [minutes to hours]

Question 73

What is the onset of Adaptive Immunity?

Answer 73

Slow [days to weeks]

Question 74

What is the specificity of Innate Immunity?

Answer 74

Antigen nonspecific

Question 75

What is the specificity of Adaptive Immunity?

Answer 75

Antigen specific

Question 76

Does Innate Immunity have Memory?

Answer 76

No

Question 77

Does Adaptive Immunity have memory?

Answer 77

Yes

Question 78

Does Innate Immunity respond to vaccination?

Answer 78

No

Question 79

Does Adaptive Immunity Respond to vaccination?

Answer 79

Yes

Question 80

What cells are involed in Innate Immunity?

Answer 80

Neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, etc.

Question 81

What cells are involved in Adaptive immunity?

Answer 81

T and B lymphocytes

Question 82

Plasma protein represents a complex mixture of a number of proteins of different _________ and ________ properties.

Answer 82

Plasma protein represents a complex mixture of a number of proteins of different **structural** and **functional** properties.

Question 83

The major plasma proteins are....

Answer 83

**albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin**

Question 84

Virtually all of the albumin and fibrinogen, and 50% to 80% of the globulins are produced in the.....

Answer 84

Virtually all of the albumin and fibrinogen, and 50% to 80% of the globulins are produced in the **liver.**

Question 85

The globulin proteins [gamma globulins] are produced in the....

Answer 85

The globulin proteins [gamma globulins] are produced in the **lymphoid organs and tissues.**

Question 86

Globulins are principally responsible for the body's _____ and _____ immune responses against invading pathogens.

Answer 86

Globulins are principally responsible for the body's **innate** and **adaptive** immune responses against invading pathogens.

Question 87

Globulins are comprised of __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 87

Globulins are comprised of **complement proteins** and **antibodies. **

Question 88

This response is directed against self-antigens.

Answer 88

**Autoimmunity**

Question 89

Ineffective immune response =

Answer 89

**Immunodeficiency **

Question 90

Overactive immune response resulting in allergies =

Answer 90

**Hypersensitivity **

Question 91

Rejection of allograft =

Answer 91

**Transplantation reaction **

Question 92

These are *cell surface molecules* expressed on a variety of cell types in the immune system.

Answer 92

**Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Molecules **

Question 93

CD molecules are identified using __________ antibody.

Answer 93

CD molecules are identified using **monoclonal** antibody.