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IMMUNOLOGY > Overview of the Immune System > Flashcards

Overview of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

All multicellular organisms have developed various mechanisms for defending themselves against ______________.

A

foreign invaders

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2
Q

Innate immunity is present in all individuals or animals at all times, hence it is the ____________ to microbial invasion.

A

initial response

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3
Q

Innate immunity does not ________ between pathgoens.

A

discriminate

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4
Q

Innate Immunity constitues the ______ and ______ lines of host defense.

A

Innatue Immunity constitues the first and second lines of host defense.

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5
Q

Natural, Naive, or Nonspecific Immunity

A

Innate Immunity

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6
Q

Acquired or Specific Immunity

A

Adaptive Immunity

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7
Q

The adaptive immune response is mediated by _______________.

A

The adaptive immune response is mediated by T and B lymphocytes.

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8
Q

The adaptive immune response is highly _______ for a particular pathogen.

A

The adaptive immune response is highly specific for a particular pathogen.

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9
Q

In general, it takes the adaptive immune response ___________ for it to become fully functional when a pathogen invades the body.

A

In general, it takes the adaptive immune response several days for it to become fully functional when a pathogen invades the body.

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10
Q

Unlike the innate immune response, the adaptive response _______ with each successive encounter with the same pathogen.

A

Unline the innate immune response, the adaptive response improves with each successive encounter with the same pathogen. (i.e. immunologic memory.)

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11
Q

The adaptive immune response constitutes the _________ of host defense.

A

The adaptive immune response constitues the third line of host defense.

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12
Q

When a microbe ________ innate immune responses, adaptive immune response is then enlisted.

A

When a microbe **eludes **innate immune responses, adaptive immune response is then enlisted.

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13
Q

Acquired immunity does not operate __________ of innate immunity.

A

Acquired immunity does not operate **independently **of innate immunity.

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14
Q

Acquired immunity __________ and _________ the nonspecific defense mehcanisms, producing a more effective total response.

A

Acquired immunity **supplements **and **augments **the nonspecific defense mechanisms, producing a more effective total response.

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15
Q

The first line of defense against microorganisms is the ________ ________ and ________ ________ lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts.

A

The first line of defense against microorganisms is the **intact skin **and **mucous membranes **lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts.

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16
Q

What makes up the first line of defense?

A
  • Intact Skin
  • Mucous membranes and their secretions, e.g. mucus.
  • Normal Flora
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17
Q

What makes up the second line of defense?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Inflammation and fever
  • Antimocrobial substances
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18
Q

The _____ _____ and the _____ _____ are much more susceptible to infectious agents because their immune responses are suboptimal.

A

The **very young **and the **very old **are much more susceptible to infectious agents because their immune responses are suboptimal.

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19
Q

As individuals age, they sometimes lose some sense of _____ and ______. As a result they may have poor __________.

A

As individuals age, they sometimes lose some sense of **smell **and **taste. **As a result they may have **poor nutrition. **

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20
Q

When individuals age appetites often decrease. As a result ________ deficiencies increase.

A

When individuals age appetites often decrease. As a result **vitamin deficiencies **increase.

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21
Q

Dietary components such as _______ and vitamin A, D, C, and B complex are necessary for healthy immune responses.

A

Dietary components such as **protein **and vitamin A, D, C, and B complex are necessary for healthy immune responses.

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22
Q

Skin is a ___________ barrier.

A

Skin is a **mechanical **barrier.

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23
Q

The continuous sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells and keratin layer making up the _________, act as a formidable barrier to the entrance of microorganisms.

A

The continuous sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells and keratin layer making up the **epidermis, **act as a formidable barrier to the entrance of microorganisms.

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24
Q

Epithelia also produce _________ that have a natural antibiotic function, eg, defensins.

A

Epithelia also produce **peptides **that have a natural antibiotic function, eg, defensins.

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25
Q

In humans, the epidermis is completely renewed every ______ days.

A

In humans, the epidermis is completely renewed every 15-30 days. (so-called epithelial turnover).

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26
Q

What is produced by sebaceous oil glands and forms a protective film over the surface of the skin?

A

Sebum

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27
Q

Sebum contains ______ and ______ acids that inhibit the growth of many microorganisms.

A

Sebum contains **lactic and fatty acids **that inhibit the growth of many microorganisms.

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28
Q

This process flushes microorganisms from the surface of the skin.

A

Perspiration

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29
Q

Sweat contains __________.

A

Sweat contains lysozyme.

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30
Q

_________ washes microorganisms from teeth and gums.

A

Saliva washes microorganisms from teeth and gums. **It also contains antibacterial agents, eg, lysozyme. **

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31
Q

Components of Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  • Low pH of the stomach
  • Normal Flora
  • Peristaltic movement (vomit/diarrhea)
  • Proteolytic enzymets, bile acids, and pancreatic secretions.
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32
Q

Components of the Respiratory Tract

A
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Coughing and sneezing [speeds up the escalator]
  • Alveolar macrophages
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33
Q

How do the eyes contribute to Innate immunity?

A

Flushing action of tears. Tears also contains lysozyme.

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34
Q

How does the genitourinary tract contribute to innate immunity?

A
  • Urine. Flushing action of urine; acidity of urine. Urine contains lysozyme.
  • Vaginal lactic acid.
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35
Q

These are the microorganisms [mostly bacteria, fungi, protozoa] that colonize a host without causing disease.

A

Normal Flora

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36
Q

Normal flora contribute to host defense by…..

A

Normal flora contribute to host defense by preventing potential pathogens from colonizing the host.

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37
Q

Normal Flora competes for __________ sites and ________.

A

Normal flora competes for **attachment **sites and nutrients [competitive exclusion.]

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38
Q

In the large intestines, _________ produce colicins that inhibit the growth of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.

A

In the large intestines, **E.coli **produce colicins that inhibit the growth of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.

39
Q

Normal Flora alters conditions that affect the survival of pathogens such as ____ and ____ availability.

A

Normal Flora alters conditions that affect the survival of pathogens such as pH and O2 availability.

40
Q

___________ __________ in the vagina alters its pH to prevent overpopulation by Candida albicans.

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina alters its pH to prevent over population by Candida albicans.

41
Q

These are proteins that sequester iron, thereby reducing iron available to a pathogen.

A

Iron-binding proteins

42
Q

Examples of iron binding proteins…

A

transferrin, lactoferrin, and haptoglobin

43
Q

Iron plays a critical role in bacterial respiration as a component of the _______ and the iron-sulfide proteins involved in ________ _________.

A

Iron plays a critical role in bacterial respiration component of the cytochromes and the iron-sulfide proteins involved in electron transport.

44
Q

Iron-chelating compounds produced by various pathogenic bacteria that facilitate the uptake of iron by the bacterial cell.

A

Siderophores

45
Q

Inhibits the growth of obligate anaerobic bacteria, especially in the lungs.

A

**Oxygen tension **

46
Q

Plasma and cell surface proteins associated with lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, chemotaxis of phagocytes, and opsonization [the coating of an antigen or partile that facilitates its uptake into a phagocytic cell.]

A

Complement

47
Q

Low molecular weight glycoproteins produced by certain cells in response to viral infections.

A

**Interferons **

48
Q

Interferons have _______ and ________ _________ activity.

A

Interferons have antiviral and immune regulatory activity.

49
Q

Body temperature ______ replication of some pathogens.

A

Body temperature **inhibits **replication of some pathogens. (example; FEVER enhances phagocytosis.)

50
Q

___________ production and __________ proliferation are more efficient at higher body temperatures than at normal levels.

A

Antibody production and T cell proliferation are more efficient at higher body temperatures than at normal levels.

51
Q

Fever can be induced by bacterial _______ and ________.

A

Fever can be induced by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and interleukin-1.

52
Q

Inflammation is a process which begins following ________ injury to tissue and ends with complete healing.

A

Inflammation is a process which begins following sublethal injury to tissue and ends with complete healing.

53
Q

Cause of inflammation may be….

A

Cause of inflammation may be microbiological, physical, or chemical.

54
Q

Inflammation results in the bringing of _______ components and cells of the ______ system to the site of ______ damage.

A

Inflammation results in the bringing of blood components and cells of the immune system to the site of tissue damage.

55
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

**Antibody-mediated [humoral] immunity **

Cell-mediated immunity

56
Q

Antibodies are soluble _______ produced as a result of interaction between a B lymphocyte and an antigen.

A

Antibodies are soluble proteins produced as a result of interaction between B lymphocyte and an antigen.

57
Q

The antibody has the ability to combine with the ________ that stimulated its production.

A

The antibody has the ability to combine with the antigen that stimulated its production.

58
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A
  • plasma
  • lymph
  • tissue fluids of the body
59
Q

Antibodies are most effective in eliminating…..

A

Antibodies are most effective in eliminating extracellular antigens and bacterial toxins.

60
Q

An adaptive immune response in which antigen specific T cells play the main role.

A

**Cell-mediated immunity **

61
Q

Macrophages and natural killer cells, although __________ cells, are included with T cells in cell-mediated immune responses.

A

Macrophages and natural killer cells, although **nonspecific cells, **are included with T cells in cell-mediated immune responses.

62
Q

_____ responses are *most important against intracellular parasites, *in allograft rejection, and in delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

A

CMI (Cell-mediated immunity) responses are *most important against intracellular parasties, *in allograft rejection, and in delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

63
Q

The adaptive immune response is divided into ____ phases.

A

The adaptive immune response is divided into three phases.

64
Q

What are the three phases of the adaptive immune response?

A
  • The recognition of antigen by antigen-specific lymphocytes
  • the activation of the lymphocytes
  • the effector phase
65
Q

The effector phase of the adaptive immune response results in _________ of the antigen.

A

The effector phase of the adaptive immune response results in destruction of the antigen.

66
Q

Activation of lymphocytes results in _______ _______.

A

Activation of lymphocytes results in clonal expansion.

67
Q

Clonal expansion is the proliferation of _______________ in response to antigenic stimulation and precedes their differentiation into effector cells and memory cells.

A

Clonal expansion is the proliferation of antigen specific T and B lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation and precedes their differentiation into effector cells and memory cells.

68
Q

Clonal expansion is a critical step in adaptive immunity, allowing rare antigen-specific T and B cells to ___________ so that they can effectively combat the pathogen that elicited the response.

A

Clonal expansion is a critical step in adaptive immunity, allowing rare antigen-specific T and B cells to increase in number so that they can effectively combat the pathogen that elicited the response.

69
Q

Following elimination of the antigen, the immune response subsides and _________ is restored.

A

Following elimination of the antigen, the immune response subsides and homeostasis is restored.

70
Q

Produces monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and other cells.

A

myeloid lineage

71
Q

produces lymphocytes

A

** lymphoid lineage **

72
Q

What is the onset of Innate Immunity?

A

Rapid [minutes to hours]

73
Q

What is the onset of Adaptive Immunity?

A

Slow [days to weeks]

74
Q

What is the specificity of Innate Immunity?

A

Antigen nonspecific

75
Q

What is the specificity of Adaptive Immunity?

A

Antigen specific

76
Q

Does Innate Immunity have Memory?

A

No

77
Q

Does Adaptive Immunity have memory?

A

Yes

78
Q

Does Innate Immunity respond to vaccination?

A

No

79
Q

Does Adaptive Immunity Respond to vaccination?

A

Yes

80
Q

What cells are involed in Innate Immunity?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, etc.

81
Q

What cells are involved in Adaptive immunity?

A

T and B lymphocytes

82
Q

Plasma protein represents a complex mixture of a number of proteins of different _________ and ________ properties.

A

Plasma protein represents a complex mixture of a number of proteins of different structural and functional properties.

83
Q

The major plasma proteins are….

A

albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin

84
Q

Virtually all of the albumin and fibrinogen, and 50% to 80% of the globulins are produced in the…..

A

Virtually all of the albumin and fibrinogen, and 50% to 80% of the globulins are produced in the liver.

85
Q

The globulin proteins [gamma globulins] are produced in the….

A

The globulin proteins [gamma globulins] are produced in the lymphoid organs and tissues.

86
Q

Globulins are principally responsible for the body’s _____ and _____ immune responses against invading pathogens.

A

Globulins are principally responsible for the body’s innate and adaptive immune responses against invading pathogens.

87
Q

Globulins are comprised of __________ _________ and ____________.

A

Globulins are comprised of complement proteins and **antibodies. **

88
Q

This response is directed against self-antigens.

A

Autoimmunity

89
Q

Ineffective immune response =

A

**Immunodeficiency **

90
Q

Overactive immune response resulting in allergies =

A

**Hypersensitivity **

91
Q

Rejection of allograft =

A

**Transplantation reaction **

92
Q

These are cell surface molecules expressed on a variety of cell types in the immune system.

A

**Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Molecules **

93
Q

CD molecules are identified using __________ antibody.

A

CD molecules are identified using monoclonal antibody.

94
Q
A

IMMUNOLOGY (3 decks)

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