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Endocrine > Overview of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and feedback loops > Flashcards

Overview of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and feedback loops Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

-Cell communication
-A control system, acting in partnership with the nervous system, to control other systems of the body
-Made up of a collection of endocrine glands & tissues, and their hormone products
-Controls all major body processes:
1 -Growth
2 -Homeostasis
3 -Reproduction
4 -Adaptation to stress
5 -Behaviour

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2
Q

What is the ddifference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endo- crine glands internal secretion
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream upon stimulation
Contrast with ‘exocrine glands (eg salivary glands. sweat glands & glands of the gastrointestinal tract) which secrete into ducts
Endocrine glands are therefore highly vascularised

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3
Q

What are the three types of arrangement of endocrine cells in the body?

A

Endocrine organ- devoted to hormone synthesis
Distinct clusters of cells within an organ
Individuals cells scattered diffusely throughout the organ

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4
Q

Give an example of endocrine organ devoted to hormone synthesis

A

Thyroid gland

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5
Q

Give an example of distinct clusters of endocrine cells within an organ

A

Islets of Langerhans(pancreas)

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6
Q

Give an example of individuals endocrine cells scattered diffusely throughout the organ

A

gastrointestinal tract, skin

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7
Q

What hormones does the hypothalmus release

A 
Releasing hormones & inhibiting factors e.g 
corticotrophin-releasing hormone CRF 
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GnRH
Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH 
Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone TRH 
dopamine
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8
Q

What hormones does posterior pituitary release

A

Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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9
Q

What hormones does anterior pituitary release

A 
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle stimulating hormone (FS)
Luteinising hormone L11-1)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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10
Q

What hormones does thyroid gland release

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

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11
Q

What hormones does parathyroid gland release

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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12
Q

What hormones does adrenal gland release

A

adrenaline

cortisol

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13
Q

What hormones does pancreas release

A

glucagon

insulin

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14
Q

What hormones does gonads release

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen
Testosterone

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15
Q

What is the chemical nature of hormones related to?

A 
How they are synthesised & secreted
Nature of hormone receptor they bind to
Ability to bind to other proteins (eg. transport proteins)
How they partition in tissues
How they are degraded
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16
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms of their structure

A

Protein/Peptide: Chains of amino acids

Steroid: Cholesterol- derived

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17
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms of where they are soluble

A

Protein/Peptide: Hydrophilic

Steroid: Lipophilic

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18
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms how they are synthesised

A

Protein/Peptide: Gene transcription and post-translational modification in Golgi

Steroid: De novo biosynthesis (stepwise modification of cholesterol in mitochondria and SER)

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19
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms of how they are stored

A

Protein/Peptide: Large amounts in secretory granules

Steroid: Not stored (nb cholesterol precursor stored as esters

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20
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms of how they are secreted

A

Protein/Peptide: Exocytosis

Steroid: Simple diffusion

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21
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms of how they are transported in the blood

A

Protein/Peptide: As free hormone

Steroid: bound to transport proteins

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22
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms of the type of receptor that it binds to

A

Protein/Peptide: cell surface receptor

Steroid: Intracellular receptor

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23
Q

What is the difference between peptide/protein hormone and steroid hormones in terms of the mechanism of action

A

Protein/Peptide: Activation of second messenger system to alter activity of existing proteins
Steroid: Activation of specific genes to produce new proteins

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24
Q

List of major endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
gonads 
Pancreas
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25
Q

Which of the major endocrine glands are not controlled by the pituitary gland

A

Parathyroid gland

Pancreas

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26
Q

How are major endocrine glands independent from pituatory controlled

A

Via Counter regulatory hormones

regulate nutrients or ions etc

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27
Q

What is an endocrine hormone

A

Something produced within glandular cell that is released directly into circulation

28
Q

What is a Neuroendocrine hormone

A

hormones derived from neurone, manufactured and synthesised and transported along axons to be released in circulation

29
Q

What is an autocrine hormone

A

Acts upon the cells that release hormone
Local diffusion
local hormone act within extracellular fluid and distribute to neighbouring cells in environment

30
Q

What is a paracrine hormone?

A

Act on neighbouring cells
Local diffusion
local hormone act within extracellular fluid and distribute to neighbouring cells in environment

31
Q

What are the main chemical classes of hormone

A

Steroid

Non-steroid

32
Q

What are the 5 classes of steroid hormones

A 
Progestagens
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids 
Androgens 
Oestrogens
33
Q

What are the 5 classes of non-steroid hormones

A 
Polypeptide/Protein
Glycoprotein
Eicosanoids
Peptides
Amines
34
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

35
Q

What does the hypothalamus-pituitary axis do?

A

Interface between CNS and endocrine system

Neuroendocrine control and homeostatic regulation

36
Q

What does the hypothalamus-pituitary axis homeostatically regulate?

A 
Stress & immune function 
Reproduction
Growth and development 
Water/electrolyte balance 
Energy balance/appetite control 
Thermoregulation 
Sleep/wakefulness
37
Q

Where is the hypothalmus in the brain?

A

Medio-basal forebrain

38
Q

What are the boundaries of the hypothalmus

A

Anterior (optic chiasm)
Posterior (mammillary bodies)
Superior (thalamus)
Inferior (median eminence)

39
Q

How is the hypothalamus divided?

A

Bilateral either side of 3rd ventricle

Two nuclei

40
Q

What are the nuclei called in the hypothalamus

A

Paraventricular

Supraoptic nuclei

41
Q

What do hypothalamus nuclei contain and what do they release and to where?

A

hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

Peptides

From axon terminals adjacent to capillaries in the portal system

42
Q

What is the pituitary also known as?

A

hypophysis

43
Q

What does the pituitary made up of?

A

Two glands
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

44
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary called

A

adenohypophysis

45
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary called

A

Neuropophysis

46
Q

What percentage of the pituitary is the posterior lobe?

A

25%

47
Q

What percentage of the pituitary is the anterior lobe?

A

75%

48
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary made of?

A

Neural tissue

49
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary made of?

A

glandular tissue

50
Q

What is neural tissue made of?

A

axons & nerve terminal endings of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

51
Q

What is glandular tissue made of?

A

cells controlled by releasing hormones (or inhibitory factors) delivered via hypophysial portal system

52
Q

Whcih lobe of the pituitary is in direct control of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior

53
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Superior hypophysial artery - primary portal plexus - long portal vessel- secondary plexus

54
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Inferior hypophysial artery from middle hypophysial artery

55
Q

Which of the hormones released by the anterior pituitary lobe is with tropic action

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

56
Q

What does tropic action mean in terms of the pituitary gland

A

Goes on to regulate another structure or gland

57
Q

What are Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinising hormone (LH) and what do they regulate
Important for what

A

Gonadotropins
gonads
Fertility

58
Q

What does Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) regulate

A

the adrenal cortex

production of cortisol hormone

59
Q

What does Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulate

A

thyroid
Production of thyroxin
T3

60
Q

What will the growth hormone regulate?

A

The liver

Production of insulin growth factor IGF1

61
Q

What does prolactin regulate?

A

Fertility of an individual

62
Q

What is the “tripartite” neuroendocrine system

A

Stimulus–> hypothalmus-releasing hormone-> pituitary lobe-tropic hormone-> endocrine gland-hormone-> target cells

63
Q

How do we regulate the hypothalmus pituitary axis

A

Combination of feedforward drive and hormone negative feedback

64
Q

What is feedforward drive

A

Increases hormone output

65
Q

Biorythms?

A

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Endocrine (6 decks)

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