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Medicine 1 - Physiology > Overview of the Function of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Overview of the Function of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Bulk flow system that transports carbon dioxide and oxygen around the body

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2
Q

What are the five major functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport.
  • Nutrient and Waste Product Transport.
  • Disease Protection and Healing.
  • Hormone Delivery.
  • Body Temperature Regulation.
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3
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood?

A

Into pulmonary circulation - to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

Oxygen diffuses into the blood
Carbon dioxide diffusing out of the blood

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4
Q

Where does the left side of the heart pump blood?

A

Into systemic circulation - around the body

Oxygenated blood goes to the left side of the heart which pumps oxygenated blood through the systemic circulation.

Oxygen diffuses from the blood into tissues and organs
Carbon dioxide diffusing into of the blood from the tissues and organs

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5
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for transporting?

A

O2 and CO2
Nutrients - specifically talking about kidneys that excrete metabolites in the urine
Metabolites
Hormones
Heat

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6
Q

Why is the CVS flexible?

A

Pump can vary output
Vessels can redirect blood flow to where its needed most
Vessels can store blood

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7
Q

What does it mean when saying that the pumps in the CVS are in series?

A

Out put must be equal

Output of right side but be equal to the out put of the left side of the heart

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8
Q

What would happen if one side of the heart pumped a little bit more than the other?

A

Blood would accumulate in the lungs

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9
Q

How are most vascular beds arranged?

A

In parallel which means they receive oxygenated blood at the same time

All tissues get oxygenated blood
Allows regional redirection of blood- eg during exercise less blood can be sent to gut and liver and more can be sent to head, arms and legs

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10
Q

What would happen if vascular beds were arranged in series?

A

Head would receive oxygenated blood first, legs would receive blood that is slightly less oxygenated, and arms would receive deoxygenated blood

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11
Q

What vascular beds are arranged in series and why?

A

Gut and liver - arranged in series

Nutrients absorbed in gut can then be sent to the liver to be metabolised

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12
Q

What does Darcy’s law state?

A

Flow = difference in pressure/resistance

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13
Q

Why is there a difference of pressure in the left and right side of the heart?

A

High pressure - left
Low pressure - right

High pressure side is what will push blood into the arteries out of the left side of the heart and into the systemic circulation

To have blood return to the right side of the heart, we need lower pressure

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14
Q

What is the pressure on the left and right hand side of the heart called?

A

LHS - mean arterial pressure
RHS - central venous pressure

Pressure difference = mean arterial pressure - central venous pressure

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15
Q

When can mean arterial pressure increase and how does the heart respond?

A

During exercise - responds by pushing more blood out into arteries, increasing mean arterial pressure

Increasing blood being pushed out into arteries will increase blood going out into vascular beds

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16
Q

What controls resistance and flow to vascular beds?

A

Arterioles acting as taps

Resistance is controlled by radius^4
Selectively redirects blood flow

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17
Q

How can arterioles control resistance?

A

During exercise, can turn off “tap” to gut and liver which can increase blood flow to arms, legs and head

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18
Q

What major vessels that carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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19
Q

What are the resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles - can change diameter and how much blood flow is going to vascular beds

20
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels and what takes place in them?

A

Capillaries - exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

21
Q

What are veins and venules?

A

Often called capacitance vessels
Blood is stored in them
Collect poorly oxygenated blood and push it back to the right side of the heart

22
Q

What is fractional distribution of blood?

A

Proportion of veins and venules vs rest of systemic circulation

23
Q

Describe the aorta

A

Elastic artery (one of two in body, the other being the pulmonary trunk)
Wide lumen
Thick elastic wall - contains lots of elastin
Damp pressure variation

24
Q

Why is it important that the aorta has a wide lumen?

A

So it has very low resistance meaning blood will flow very easily from left ventricle into the aorta and off into systemic circulation

25
Q

Why is it important that the aorta has a thick elastic wall?

A

During heart contraction when blood is squeezed from left ventricle into the aorta, it can absorb some of the increase in pressure and the walls of aorta stretch

During relaxation, walls of aorta will return back to their original size because they are elastic

26
Q

What vessels does blood encounter on their way to systemic circulation?

A

Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules/veins

27
Q

Features of arteries

A

Muscular
Wide lumen - low resistance so blood can easily flow towards systemic circulation
Strong, thick, non-elastic wall
Low resistance conduit

28
Q

Features of arterioles

A

Resistance vessels
Narrow lumen
Thick contractile wall
Control resistance and flow
Allow regional redirection of blood

29
Q

Features of capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel - very large surface area: volume ratio helps with this. Helps oxygen diffuse from blood into tissues easily and allow CO2 to go the other way

Narrow lumen - diameter of red blood cell

Thin wall - one layer of endothelial cell thick

30
Q

Features of veins and venules

A

Capacitance vessels - ability to store blood
Wide lumen
Thin distensible wall
Low resistance conduit and reservior
Allows fractional distribution of blood between veins and rest of circulation

31
Q

What does the (interartial) septum do?

A

The interatrial septum is a thin wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the heart

32
Q

What is the role of the atrium?

A

Receive blood

RA - blood from systemic circulation
LA - blood from lungs

33
Q

What is the role of the ventricle?

A

Pump blood

RV - to lungs
LV - to aorta and then systemic circulation

34
Q

What are the two parts of the vena cava?

A

Superior and inferior

S - returns blood from part of body above the heart
I - returns blood from part of body below the level of the heart

35
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary trunk?

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the pulmonary arteries.

Pulmonary trunk spilts into left and right pulmonary artery

36
Q

What do the left and right pulmonary arteries do?

A

Carry blood to left and right lungs respectively

37
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood to left atrium

38
Q

What does the aortic valve do?

A

Valve between left ventricle and aorta

39
Q

Where can the pulmonary trunk be found?

A

Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

40
Q

What are the semi lunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valve

Because they have three cusps which look like half moon shaped

Valves are open when heart is in systole

41
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve found?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

42
Q

Where is the mitral valve found?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

43
Q

What is the role of a valve?

A

Prevent back flow of blood in the heart

44
Q

What is the job of the mitral and tricuspid valve?

A

Prevent regurgitation of blood from ventricle back onto the atrium

45
Q

What is the role of the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles?

A

When heart muscle contracts, heart shortens, chordae tendinae are too long and take tension off valves which is why they are attached to papillary muscles

Papillary muscles contract at the same time as ventricles, maintains tension on chordae tendinae and prevent valves from inverting into the atrial cavity during systole.

46
Q

What is the role of the myocardium?

A

Heart muscle responsible for the contractile function of the cardiac pump.

47
Q

What are the five major functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport.
  • Nutrient and Waste Product Transport.
  • Disease Protection and Healing.
  • Hormone Delivery.
  • Body Temperature Regulation.

Medicine 1 - Physiology (14 decks)

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