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Respiratory > Overview of Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Overview of Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the body and the environment

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2
Q

What are the five secondary functions of the respiratory system?

A

1) maintenance of acid-base balance
2) heat exchange
3) voice production
4) smell
5) filtering and activation/inactivation of circulating substances

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3
Q

What are the mechanisms by which the respiratory system is organized?

A

1) Central controlling mechanism for regulating ventilation
2) Air pump that delivers fresh air to the lungs
3) A surface for gas exchange (lungs)
4) A circulatory system
5) Regulating ventilation and perfusion
6) System for carrying O2 and CO2 in the blood

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4
Q

What components of the nervous system control breathing?

A

1) Central pattern generator
2) Outputs that stimulate muscles of respiration
3) central and peripheral chemoreceptors for pH, PaCO2, PaO2
4) Integrating that processes feedback from chemoreceptors

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5
Q

What is the driving force of respiration?

A

The PaCO2

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6
Q

What is the typical desired condition of the chest wall?

A

Expanded

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7
Q

What is the typical desired condition of the lungs?

A

Contracted

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8
Q

What is the result of the difference in desired conditions between the chest wall and the lungs?

A

A negative pleural pressure begins and the lungs are forced to expand

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9
Q

What are the relationships between the alveolar and atmospheric pressures that induces inhalation?

A

The pressure of air in the atmosphere is higher than the pressure in the alveoli

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10
Q

What are the relationships between the alveolar and atmospheric pressures that induces expiration?

A

The pressure of air in the alveolar is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere

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11
Q

How do the lungs express compliance?

A

Lungs and the chest wall should expand when air is inhaled

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12
Q

How does resistance appear in the respiratory system?

A

If any portion of the bronchial tree has a smaller radius, the resistance through that vessel will be higher.

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13
Q

How is compliance calculated?

A

Change in volume/change in pressure

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14
Q

How is resistance calculated?

A

change of pressure/change of flow

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15
Q

What is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis on the lung’s compliance?

A

It will reduce compliance

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16
Q

What is the effect of asthma on the lung’s resistance?

A

It will increase resistance

17
Q

What is the effect of emphysema on the lung’s compliance?

A

It will increase compliance

18
Q

What is the effect of ALS on the lung?

A

It decreases the capacity to decrease pleural pressure by weakening the diaphragm

19
Q

How should ventilation and perfusion be coordinated in the lung?

A

Ventilation and perfusion in the lung are matched–blood and air will be in the same place at the same time

20
Q

How is oxygen carried in the blood?

A

Attached to hemoglobin

21
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

A

1) Direct solution in the blood
2) Attached in carbaminos
3) Dissolved as bicarbonate

22
Q

What are the four main volumes of the lung?

A

1) Tidal volume—air moved in normal breathing
2) Forced expiratory–air that can be pushed out of the lungs in addition to regular tidal volume
3) Forced inspiratory–air that can be inhaled beyond its regular tidal volume
4) Residual volume–Amount of air that cannot be forced out of the lungs in any way

23
Q

How is total lung capacity measured?

A

Sum of forced expiratory, forced inspiratory, tidal volume, and residual volume

24
Q

What is functional residual volume?

A

The amount of air left in the lung after a tidal breath out, or the sum of forced expiratory and residual volume

25
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be forced into the lungs beyond its normal flow. Equal to total lung capacity minus the functional residual volume

26
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be moved through lungs in general; equal to total lung capacity minus the residual volume

27
Q

How does the helium dilution method work?

A
  • the patient breathes in a given quantity of helium
  • after allowing the helium to spread in lungs in given quantity, patient breathes out
  • Total Lung capacity can be calculated based on exhaled helium
28
Q

How does the nitrogen wash out method work?

A

Patient will breathe pure O2 for 7 minutes

Exhaled gases are measured and volume determined based on N2 concentrations

29
Q

What is the limit to the helium dilution or nitrogen wash out method?

A

It assumes that flow in the lungs is equal and undisrupted

30
Q

How does body plethysmography work?

A

Patient breathes in an airtight box; as air is moved in and out, patient changes the volume and then the pressure of the container. Using Boyle’s law, the volume of the lungs at inspiratory stage can be calculated.

31
Q

How is body plethysmography calculated?

A 
P*VL=(P–ΔP)*(VL+ ΔVL)
P=atmospheric pressure
VL=Functional Reserve Capacity
deltaP=measured by mouthpiece
deltaV=determined by the changes in pressure in the chamber
32
Q

What can FEV1 tell?

A

If FEV1 is decreased, it is indicative of obstructive lung disease

33
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

The total amount of air leaving the lungs in each minute=

Respiratory rate * Tidal Volume

34
Q

What is dead space? What are the two components? What are normal values in men and women?

A

The amount of air in the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange. It is made of anatomic dead space and the alveolar dead space. In males, it is 150 mL; in females, it is 100 mL

35
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

The amount of air in the passageways that does not rest near alveoli

36
Q

What is the alveolar dead space?

A

The amount of air in the alveoli that does not engage in gas exchange

37
Q

How is alveolar ventilation calculated?

A

Respiratory rate * (tidal volume-dead space)

Respiratory (4 decks)

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