Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kidneys and Renal functions > Overview of Renal Diseases > Flashcards

Overview of Renal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A 
Excretes waste substances
Important for acid base balance 
Vitamin D activation 
BP control 
RBC production 
Helps regulate water balance 
Regulates mineral in ECF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much fluid is filtered through the glomerulus in a day?

A

~2000 L of blood through glomeruli per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can we measure the efficiency of kidney function?

A 
Blood tests
- Creatinine
- Formulae
Urine output
Elimination of radioisotypes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name renal syndromes leading to kidney disease

A 
Asymptomatic pneumonia 
Nephritic syndrome 
Acute kidney injury 
Chronic kidney disease
Haematuria 
Nephrotic syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is renal disease so significant?

A 
A single disease can manifest in several different syndromes
Accelerated hypertension 
Acute kidney injury 
Vasculitis 
Amyloidosis
Lupus
Diabetes mellitus
Bacterial endocarditis
IgA nephropathy 
Membranous nephropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are biopsy’s used to determine disease?

A

Kidney biopsy provides a histological description which is compatible with a clinical condition and then may direct specific treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the pre-renal causes of disease?

A

Hypovolemia
↓Perfusion
Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes hypovolemia?

A

Haemorrhage

Diarrhoea/vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes decreased perfusion to the kidneys?

A

Septic shock

Cardiac failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which drugs contribute to renal disease?

A

Angiotensin converting inhibitors (ACEi)

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the intrinsic renal diseases?

A

Interstitial nephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Systemic disease (glomerulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are glomerular diseases identified?

A

urine analysis (blood & proteins)
Red cell casts
Glomerulus / dysmorphic erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is proteinuria measured?

A

Proteinuria quantified by:
Urine albumin : creatinine ratio
Urine protein : creatinine ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What post renal causes for kidney disease?

A

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI
Fluid retention
Hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the occurence of AKI

A

18% hospital admissions

20-30% of cases may be preventable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the consequence of hyperkalemia systemically?

A

High potassium can lead to cardiac arrhythmias

17
Q

What are the consequences of AKI?

A

Patient morbidity:
acute complications
dysfunction of other organs
risk of CKD

18
Q

How can we treat renal failure?

A

RRT - renal replacement therapy

19
Q

What is the occurrence of Kidney disease in the UK?

A

4.9% of UK population likely to have chronic kidney disease stage 3 or worse

20
Q

What is the major consequence of Chronic Kidney disease (CKD?)

A

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has become recognised as a potent marker of cardiovascular risk - leads to atherosclerosis

21
Q

What is uremia?

A

complication of CKD - aka. acute renal failure

22
Q

What are the uremia related CVS risk factors?

A 
Increased ECF volume
Calcification 
Parathyroid hormone
Anemia 
Oxidant stress
Malnutrition 
Pulse pressure
Sleep disorders
Inflammation (c-reactive protein)
23
Q

What are the coronary risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

A 
Hypertension
High LDL / HDL cholesterol 
Smoking
Diabetes
Older age
Physical inactivity 
Menopause
24
Q

How can we treat uremia?

A

Supportive care

  • General measures
  • Dialysis
  • Transplantation

Treatment of underlying condition

25
Q

How can we tackle chronic renal failure?

A 
Conservative
- slow progression
- minimise symptoms/complications
Control Na+, water, BP
Diet (K+, phosphate, {protein})
Vitamin D (1-alpha)
Erythropoetin
26
Q

What are the functions of dialysis?

A

Removes nitrogenous wastes
Corrects electrolytes
Removes water
Correct acid base abnormalities

27
Q

What is the survival rate of a kidney transplant?

A

50% survival rate

28
Q

What are the criteria for a living kidney donor?

A 
Pre-emptive (may rarely be deceased donor)
Related (biological, emotional, social)
Kidney sharing scheme
Altruistic
ABO/HLA incompatible

Kidneys and Renal functions (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions