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Disease & Defense > Overview of Pharmacologic Principles > Flashcards

Overview of Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 considerations for a single or first does administration?

A
  1. Onset of effect
  2. Duration of action
  3. Therapeutic window
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2
Q

What is the onset of effect?

A

Time to reach the MEC (minimum effective concentration)

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3
Q

What is the duration of action?

A

Time above the MEC

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4
Q

What is the Therapeutic window or index?

A

Difference in plasma concentration Cp, between desired and adverse response MEC

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5
Q

What is steady state?

A

The goal of pharmacotherapy
When the rate of drug administration = rate of drug elimination
rate in = rate out

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6
Q

What is the time to steady state?

A

4-5 half lives (when maintenance doses given at constant interval)

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7
Q

What is the steady state concentration?

A

average Cp after steady state achieved

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8
Q

What causes fluctuations ins steady state Cp?

A

number of half lives in dosing interval

time between doses

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9
Q

How is the dosing regimen determined?

A

designed to maintain balance between rate of drug elimination and prescribed rate of drug administration
- ensure desired steady state Cp

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10
Q

How are the drug and dose determined?

A

Pharmacodynamics

  • disease targets
  • drug regulation
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11
Q

How is the route of administration determined?

A

Pharmacokinetics

  • absorption
  • distribution
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12
Q

How is the dosage frequency determined?

A

Pharmacokinetics

  • metabolism
  • excretion
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13
Q

How is the duration selected?

A

disease pathophysiology

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14
Q

What are the 4 broad categories that are the critical areas of knowledge about any drug? (necessary for their safe and effective use in the clinical setting)

A
  1. Pharmacodynamics/ mechanism of action
  2. Pharmacokinetics
  3. Therapeutic Uses
  4. Adverse drug reactions/ side effects/ drug-dug interactions
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15
Q

What are pharmacodynamics/ mechanisms of action of a drug?

A

What the drug does to the body

Drugs DO NOT have unique effects:

they DO ENHANCE or BLOCK
Normal physiology

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16
Q

What are common drug targets?

A

membranes
intracellular receptors
enzymes (in critical biosynthetic pathway)
membrane transport protein

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17
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the body does to the drug

  • absorption
  • distribution
  • elimination
18
Q

What is bioavaliblity?

A

F

How much of the dose of a drug reaches its target

19
Q

What is volume of distribution?

A 
Vd
What dose (mg) is necessary to obtain the desired plasma concentration (Cp) in mg/L
conversion factor to explain relationship between does and plasma concentration (Cp)
20
Q

What is time to peak effect?

A

Tmax or Cmax

How fast does the drug reach its target

21
Q

What is distribution?

A

Movement of drug from the bloodstream to tissue

22
Q

What is absorption?

A

passage of drug from site of administration into the blood

23
Q

What is the result of a drug administered to have systemic effects?

A

drug is absorbed into bloodstream and distributed to sites of action in the body

24
Q

What is the result of a drug administered to have topical effects?

A

drug mostly remains at site of application for local action

25
Q

What is the duration of action

A

half-life

How long a drug will stay at its target in the body

26
Q

What is clearance?

A

CL

refers to the elimination of drug activity via metabolism and excretion

27
Q

What organ is responsible for drug metabolism?

A

Liver

28
Q

What organ is responsible for drug excretion?

A

kidney

29
Q

How do drugs create a therapeutic effect?

A

act via ENHANCEment or BLOCKade of normal physiological pathways to ALTER PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISEASE STATE

30
Q

What are side effects of a drug?

A

occur when the drug target is also located a non-target systems

  • seen at therapeutic dose
  • dose dependent
  • predictable
31
Q

What are extension effects?

A

Occur at the drug target in the target system

  • Seen at higher than therapeutic doses
  • dose dependent
  • predictable
32
Q

What are idiosyncratic reactions?

A

NOT at drug target

  • peculiar to an individual
  • less common
  • less predictable

May be immunologic or metabolic

33
Q

What does an immunologic reaction mean?

A

allergic reaction

34
Q

What are the important side effects to know for a specific drug or drug category?

A

Most common

Most severe

35
Q

What does a metabolic reaction mean?

A

hepatotoxicity or blood dyscrasis

36
Q

What does the abbreviation SR stand for?

A

sustaind release

37
Q

What does the abbreviation IR stand for?

A

immediate release

38
Q

What does the abbreviation ER stand for?

A

extended release

39
Q

What is the action of an agonist?

A

agonists enhance a biological pathway

40
Q

What is the action of an antagonist?

A

antagonists block a biological pathway

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opiod pain killers such as vicodin?

A

agonist at u-opiod receptors

- enhance pain suppression pathway (analgesia)

Disease & Defense (4 decks)

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