OVERVIEW OF OXYGENATION Flashcards
A radiopaque medium is instilled directly into the trachea and the bronchi and the outline of the entire bronchial tree or selected areas may be visualized through x-ray
INDIRECT BRONCHOGRAPHY
What are the PRIMARY respiratory muscles?
- DIAPHRAGM
- EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
Non-invasive method of continuously monitoring the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
PULSE OXIMETER
occurs as a result of the anterior displacement of the sternum, which also increases the anteroposterior diameter
PIGEON CHEST
Nursing intervention AFTER Bronchogram
- Side-lying position
- NPO until cough and gag reflexes returned
- Instruct the client to cough and deep breathe client
An abnormal condition that affects the bronchial tree and alveoli
ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS
occurs when there is a depression in the lower portion of the sternum.
FUNNEL CHEST
Airflow driven by the pressure difference between atmosphere (barometric pressure) and inside the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure)
DRIVING FORCE FOR AIR FLOW
Harsh, crackling sound, like two pieces of leather being rubbed together (sound imitated by rubbing thumb and finger together near the ear)
FRICTION RUBS
Characterized by elevation of the scapula and a corresponding S-shaped spine.
KYPHOSCOLIOSIS
What are the ACCESSORY respiratory muscles?
- STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
- SCALENE MUSCLES
- NASAL ALAE
a bluish coloring of the skin is a very late indicator of hypoxia.
CYANOSIS
Is determined chiefly by the radius size of the airway.
AIRWAY RESISTANCE
Procedure suing needle aspiration of intrapleural fluid or air under local anesthesia
THORACENTESIS
uses magnetic field to record the H+ density of the tissue
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
This is used to determine if a person has been infected or has been exposed to TB bacillus
MANTOUX TEST OR TUBERCULIN TEST
a large blood vessel of the circulatory system that carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
PULMONARY VEINS
occurs as a result of over inflation of the lungs, which increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax. It occurs with aging and is a hallmark sign of emphysema and COPD.
BARREL CHEST
Nursing interventions BEFORE Bronchogram
- Secure written consent
- Check for allergies to sea foods or iodine or anesthesia
- NPO for 6 to 8 hours
- Pre-op meds: atropine SO4 and valium, topical anesthesia sprayed; followed by local anesthetic injected into larynx. The nurse must have oxygen and anti-spasmodic agents ready.
Usually heard on expiration but may be heard on inspiration depending on the cause
WHEEZES
is an estimation of thoracic expansion and may disclose significant information about thoracic movement during breathing.
RESPIRATORY EXCURSION
The process of gas exchange between atmosphere air and the blood at the alveoli, and between the blood cells and the cells of the body.
RESPIRATION
are categorized as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
LUNG VOLUMES
affects the inspiratory effort by limiting the volume of air inspired
PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER
Discontinuous popping sounds heard in early inspiration; harsh, moist sound originating in the large bronchi
COARSE CRACKLES
function tests that are routinely used in patients with chronic respiratory disorders to aid diagnosis.
PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
The movement of air in and out of the airways.
VENTILATION
is a radiographic procedure that utilizes x-ray machine
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
a decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells that can also be caused by problems outside the respiratory system.
HYPOXIA
With relaxation, the diaphragm moves up and intrathoracic pressure increases, this increased pressure pushes air out of the lungs, expiration requires the elastic recoil of the lungs
EXPIRATION
contraction of the diaphragm (movement of this chamber floor downward) and contraction of the external intercostal muscles increases the space in this chamber, lowered intrathoracic pressure causes air to enter through the airways and inflate the lungs.
INSPIRATION
Causes of Increased Airway Resistance:
- CONTRACTION OF BRONCHIAL MUCOSA
- THICKENING OF BRONCHIAL MUCOSA
- OBSTRUCTION OF AIRWAY
- LOSS OF ELASTICITY
respiratory center initiates each breath by sending messages to primary respiratory muscles over the phrenic nerve.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Vibrations of the chest wall that result from speech detected on palpation.
TACTILE FREMITUS
When does sputum specimen collected?
EARLY MORNING
provides for reoxygenation of blood and release of CO2
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
is a surgical procedure in which an opening is made into the trachea. The indwelling tube inserted into the trachea is called a _________
TRACHEOSTOMY
is the elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thoracic structures.
COMPLIANCE
carry blood from the heart to the lungs
PULMONARY ARTERIES
the administration of oxygen at a concentration greater than that found in the environmental atmosphere.
OXYGEN THERAPHY
a decrease in the arterial oxygen tension in the blood.
HYPOXEMIA
a sign of lung disease that is found in patients with chronic hypoxic conditions, chronic lung infections, or malignancies of the lung.
CLUBBING OF THE FINGERS
involves passing an endotracheal tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea.
ENDOTRACHEAL SUCTIONING
Percutaneous removal of a small amount of lung tissue
BIOPSY OF THE LUNGS
Some ________sounds are divided into two categories: discrete, discontinuous sounds (crackles) and continuous musical sounds (wheezes)
ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS
This is a non-invasive procedure involving the use x-rays with minimal radiation
CHEST X-RAY
has 2 respiration centers that work with the inspiration center to produce normal rate of breathing
PONS
A probe or sensor is attached to the fingertip, forehead, earlobe or bridge of the nose
PULSE OXIMETER
is the actual blood flow through the pulmonary circulation.
PULMONARY PERFUSION
prolongs inhalation
APNEUSTIC CENTER
Is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the air–blood interface.
DIFFUSION
This is the direct inspection and observation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi through a flexible or rigid bronchoscope.
BRONCHOSCOPY
A change in the normal nail bed. It appears as sponginess of the nail bed and loss of the nail bed angle.
CLUBBING OF THE FINGERS
It is done during bronchoscopy
TRANSBRONCHOSCOPIC BIOPSY
Soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds that occur during inspiration (while usually heard on inspiration, they may also be heard on expiration); may or may not be cleared by coughing
CRACKLES
A method of deep breathing that provides visual feedback to encourage the patient to inhale slowly and deeply to maximize lung inflation and prevent or reduce atelectasis.
INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY
the flow of gas in and out of the lungs
VENTILATION
Deep, low-pitched rumbling sounds heard primarily during expiration; caused by air moving through narrowed tracheobronchial passages
SONOROUS WHEEZES (RHONCHI)
Discontinuous popping sounds heard in late inspiration; sounds like hair rubbing together; originates in the alveoli
FINE CRACKLES
the filling of the pulmonary capillaries with blood.
PERFUSION
