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ANSC 315- Nutrition. > Overview of nutrition and energetics > Flashcards

Overview of nutrition and energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is animal nutrition?

A

The science of how animals assimilate feeds, and how the nutrients in the feeds utilized for growth, tissue repair and replacement, production of animal products. Muti-diciplinary.

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2
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal body functions.

Normal functions being: repro, lactation, growth and maintance of life processes

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3
Q

Is a pig a monogastric or a ruminant?

A

Ruminant.

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4
Q

What is the initial process digestion in the pig mouth?

A

Amylase breaks downs torch. Peristalsis helps the feed to go down.

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5
Q

Where is bile produced and what does it do?

A

Bile produced from the liver, emulsifys fats.

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6
Q

What are components of the digestive tract of the pig?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum + conlon (large intestine).

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7
Q

What are the 6 major classes of nutrients?

A

Carbohyrates, lipids, protein, water, mineral, vitamins

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8
Q

Define food vs feed

A

Food= anything you can eat that provides nutirents (humans).

Feed= food for animals

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9
Q

Ration

A

Daily feed portion that you give to an animal

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10
Q

Average breakdown of an animal’s diet

A

60% water, 16% protein, 20% fat, 4% minerals, <1% carb.

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11
Q

What is an example of digestive enzyme secreted by animal?

A

Salivary amylase.
Pepsin (stomach).

(small intestine)= Pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes –>maltase.

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12
Q

What is this the digestive system of?

Role of proventicilus and gizzard?

A

Chicken

Proventicilus –> Gastric digestion, initiation of digestion.

Gizzard –> Mechanical breakdown, grind the feed.

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13
Q

Basic roles of the omasum, rumen and abomasum?

A

Omasum is equal to the human stomach

Rumen is the fermenation chamber

Abomasum digestive processes in the ruminant

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14
Q

Groups of microbes in the rumen?

A

Bacteria, Protezoa, Fungi and Archea.

Relativevely stable population, anaerobic.

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15
Q

What is the main source of E from ruminants?

A

VFAs

Acetate, butyrate, priopionate

Also production of MP- Bact and prtozoa washed out of the rumen and digested in the small intestine. Major source of AA for ruminants. Synergistic relationship

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16
Q

Where does the portal system go?

A

Portal system goes to the liver

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17
Q

Where are lipids absorbed into?

A

Absorbed by the villi. Into the lymphatic system

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18
Q

Decribe the process of the microvilli?

A

Microvilli are on the surface of the villi. They increase the SA.

Epithelial cells- secrete brush border enzymes to complete carb, protein digestion.

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19
Q

Do rumen papillae secrete enzymes?

What is their role?

A

The rumen papillae doesn’t secrete enzymes, the papillae absorb the nutrients.

Increase SA, absorb VFAs. Feeds into protal circ.

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20
Q

Where are the major sites for absorbptive processes in rumiants and non-ruminents?

A

Ruminants= the fore-stomachs (rumen) and small intestine.

Non-ruminants= small intestine.

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21
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of absorption:

Do they require E?

A

Diffusion- passive down a [] gradient.

Facilitate diffusion- carrier proteins involved. No E

Active transport- Carrier proteins present, but need E. In form of ATP or Na/K ATPase.

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22
Q

How mcuh of E requirements come from VFAs for cows?

A

50-80%

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23
Q

What is anabolic vs catabolic?

A

Anabolic –> BUILDING. Building of complex compounds from small molecules, uses E. ex) Muscle synth.

Catabolic –> Breaking down! The breakdown of molecules into smaller units. Releases E. ex) glycolysis utilized glucose

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24
Q

What is this sequence showing?

A

The events that occur in t nutrient deficiency.

Will result in a biochem defect. The proteins that are supposed to be synthesized are not.

Functional defect. Missing proteins, cannot proform their function.

Reduced overall performance.

Death if not dealt with.

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25
Q

Energy is…

A

Energy is NOT A NUTRIENT.

agriculture is important!

26
Q

What is the animal energy consumption in developed and developing countries?

A

Developed= overconsumption of E

Developing= lack of resources, unable to provide what is required. Food security issues.

27
Q

What do we use to meausre gorss energy of feedstuff?

A

Bomb calorimetry.

GE is heat release when CHO, lipids and proteins in feedstuff are oxidized. In a pressurized env.

We conbust the substrate and measure the heat change of the water.

28
Q

What are the 4 most important components of the bomb calormieter?

A

Thermometer, insultaing jacket, bucket and steel bomb.

29
Q

What are the units you can use to measure E?

A

Calorie and Joule

30
Q

Define Gross Energy?

A

The amount of heat released when a substance (feed) is completely oxidized in a bomb calorimeter.

GE = heat of combusiton.

31
Q

Why are there higher GE values for fats than protein and carbs?

A

Fats contain more hydrogen than protein and carbs b/c they are reduced so they contain more hydrogen which more oxygen.

32
Q

Why are fats more E dense?

A

Lipids have 2.5x more E than protein and carbs.

33
Q

What are limitations of GE?

A

Little about nutritional value.

The contents are burnt.

How much energy will be utilized by the animal? Losses of metabolism

34
Q

What does fecal E measure?

A

The energy lost in the feces of the ingested E

35
Q

What is the single largest loss of ingested E?

A

Fecal E

36
Q

What is aparent digestable energy?

A

Digestable E= Gross E - Fecal E

37
Q

DE/GE for

pigs

ruminants on concentrate

ruminants on roughage?

A

DE/GE= 80% for pigs

=70% ruminants on []

=50-60% for ruminants fed roughages

38
Q

What is metabolizable E (ME)?

A

It accounts for all additional E losses arising from absorption and metabolism of feed.

Urinary E loss (UE) + gas E loss (GEL) + gill energy loss (GILL) in fish.

ME= DE -(UE + GEL +GILL)

ME= DE x 0.82 in ruminants

39
Q

What is SF6 tracer used to measure?

A

Methane production in ruminants.

Sulphur hexfloride.

40
Q

Metabolizable E formula?

A

ME= GE - FE- UE - gaseous E (GEL)

41
Q

What is NE?

A

NE is net E.

Accounts for E loss as heat during digestion and metabolism.

NE= ME - heat increment (HI).

HI- heat increase after a meal. Heat increment.

42
Q

NE formula?

A

NE= GE - FE- UE- GEL- HI

43
Q

What is net energy used for?

A

Used for maintainance and then the remainer is used for production.

44
Q

What are factors that affect heat increment?

A

Diet digeatibility, level of feeding, diet composition, nutrient utilization

45
Q

What are the differences in direct and indirect measurement of heat production?

A

Direct- heat prod measured directly.

Indirect- Use of gas exchange (o2 consumption, co2 output) to estimate heat loss. Open-circuit and Closed-circuit

46
Q

What are the advantaged and disadvantages of the Net E system?

A

Advantages: Account for metabolic cost of nutrient metabolim. Allow better prediction of animal performance.

Disadvantage: Expensive, time consuming to measure NE. Hard to collect this data.

47
Q

Summary of E partitioning visual

A

:)

48
Q

What is used for formulating diets (ME vs NE)

Pigs?

Poultry?

Ruminants?

A

Pigs- NE.

Poultry- ME. Because fecal + urine are excreted together

Ruminants- NE

49
Q

What are factors that affect TDN?

A

DM content of feed

Digestability of DM

Amount of fat

Species fed.

50
Q

Converting TDN to E

1kg TDN = _____ kcal of DE?

A

1kg TDN = 4.4 kcal of DE

51
Q

True/False

Energy is the most important nutrient for animals?

A

False

52
Q

True/False

Rumen papillae produce important enzymes that facillitate fermentation digestion in the rumen.

A

False.

53
Q

Gastric digestion of carbs in pigs yields mostly ______?

A

Gastric digestion of carbs in pigs yields mostly _Glucose__.

54
Q

The most important source of E for ruminants that is derived from the GIT is ____?

A

The most important source of E for ruminants that is derived from the GIT is _VFAs__.

55
Q

________ is the mechanism of nutrient absportion that requires the expenderature of E.

A

___Active transport__ is the mechanism of nutrient absportion that requires the expenderature of E.

56
Q

Gross E - Fecal E - gaseous E - Urinary E = ______?

A

Gross E - Fecal E - gaseous E - Urinary E = _Metabolizable E__

57
Q

Maintaince E +Prod E = ______?

A

Maintaince E +Prod E = __Net E__

58
Q

What is formed by this glycosidic bond?

A
59
Q

What is formed by this glycosidic bond?

A
60
Q
A

ANSC 315- Nutrition. (9 decks)

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