Overview of Nursing Research Process

Question 0

What is the significance of research on nursing?

Answer 0

Through research utilization, knowledge is obtained from research and is transformed into clinical practice that is evidence based.

Question 1

What is research?

Answer 1

Systematic, rigorous, logical investigation that aims to answer questions about a phenomena

Question 2

Why read research articles? ( 5 reasons)

Answer 2

1) answer clinical questions 2) improve patient outcomes 3) find cost effective ways to deliver care 4) learn consumer perspectives 5) acquire new ideas and learn about new technologies

Question 3

What are the roles of a baccalaureate nurse? (3)

Answer 3

1) should have the critical appraisal skills to inform and validate the way in which they deliver care to patients. Able to identify and question practice 2) consumers of research and play an important role in future research conducted that will make an impact on patient care 3) important role in protecting human subjects by promoting ethical principles in research

Question 4

what are the two types of research design?

Answer 4

Quantitative and qualitative

Question 5

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: identification of the phenomenon- where is this?

Answer 5

In abstract, intro, or both

Question 6

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: purpose of research study question- where is this?

Answer 6

In abstract, at beginning or end of introduction, or on more than one of these locations

Question 7

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: literature review- where is this?

Answer 7

In introduction, discussion, or both

Question 8

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: design- where is this?

Answer 8

In abstract, “ introduction” section, “methods” subsection titled “design”, “methods” section in general, or more than one of these locations

Question 9

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues:sample- where is this?

Answer 9

In “methods” subsection titled “sample”, “subjects”, or “participants”

Question 10

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: legal-ethical issues- where is this?

Answer 10

In section on data collection, in “procedures” section, or in description of sample

Question 11

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: data-collection procedure- where is this?

Answer 11

In “data collection” or “procedures” section

Question 12

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: data analysis- where is this?

Answer 12

In “methods” subsection titled “data analysis” or “data analysis and interpretation”

Question 13

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: results-where is this?

Answer 13

In abstract(briefly), in separate section titled “results” or “findings”

Question 14

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: discussion and recommendation- where is this?

Answer 14

In separate “discussion” or “discussion and implications” section

Question 15

(P.49, table 3-1 qualitative research- steps to the research process)

research steps or format issues: references- where is this?

Answer 15

At the end of article

Question 16

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: research purpose- where is this?

Answer 16

In abstract, intro( not labelled as a research problem), or separate subsection titled “problem”

Question 17

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: purpose- where is this?

Answer 17

In abstract or intro, or both; at end of literature review or discussion or theoretical framework; or in separate section titled “purpose”

Question 18

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: literature review- where is this?

Answer 18

At end of intro but not labelled as a literature review; in separate section titled “literature review”, “review of the literature”, or “related literature”

Question 19

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: theoretical framework, conceptual framework, or both- where is this?

Answer 19

Variables reviewed may appear as titles of sections or subsections in “literature review” section(combined) of in separate sections titled “theoretic framework” and “conceptual framework” or each concept or definition used in theoretical or conceptual framework mAy appear as title or separate section or subsection

Question 20

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: hypothesis/research questions-where is this?

Answer 20

Stated or implied near end of “introduction” section, which may be labelled; in separate sections or subsection titled “hypothesis” or “research questions” or, for first time, in “results” section

Question 21

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: research design- where is this?

Answer 21

In abstract or intro( stated or implied) or in section titled “methods” or “ methodology”

Question 22

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: sample: size and type- where is this?

Answer 22

“Size” : mag be stated in abstract, in “methods” section, or in separate “methods” subsection as “sample”, “sample/subjects”, or “participants”. “Type”: may be implied or stated in any of previous headings described under size

Question 23

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: legal-ethical issues-where is this?

Answer 23

In section titled “methods”, “procedures”, “sample”, “subjects”, or “participants” ( in all cases, stated or implied)

Question 24

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: instruments (measurement tools) validity and reliability-where is this?

Answer 24

In section titled “methods”, “instruments”, or measures. In section titled “methods”, “instruments”, “measures” or “procedures” (specifically stated or implied)

Question 25

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: data- collection procedure- where is this?

Answer 25

In “methods” subsection under subheAding “procedure” or “data analysis”

Question 26

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: results- where is this?

Answer 26

In separate section titled “results”

Question 27

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: discussion of findings and new findings implications, limitations, and recommendations- where is this?

Answer 27

Combined with results or in separate section titled “discussion” combined with discussion or presented in separate or combined major sections

Question 28

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: references- where is this?

Answer 28

At end of article

Question 29

Pg 50 table 3.2- the- steps of the research process and journal format: quantitative research.

Research process streps or format issues: communicating research results- where is this?

Answer 29

In research articles, posters, and paper presentations

Question 30

Pg. 51 3-1, highlights of critical reading process strategies: strategies for preliminary understanding? (5 Pts)

Answer 30

1) keep a research textbook and dictionary by your side
2) review the chapters in the textbook on the various steps of the research process
3) highlight or underline on the photocopy any new terms, unfamiliar terms, and significant sentences
4) look up definitions of new terms, and write them on te photocopy
5) highlight or underline identified steps of the research process

Question 31

Pg. 51 3-1, highlights of critical reading process strategies: strategies for comprehensive understanding? (3 Pts)

Answer 31

1) identify the main idea or theme of the article; state it in your own words in one or two sentences
2) continue to clarify terms that may be unclear on subsequent readings
3) before critiquing the article, make sure you understand the main point of each reported step of the research process that you identified

Question 32

Pg. 51 3-1, highlights of critical reading process strategies: strategies for analysis understanding( 5 Pts)

Answer 32

1) using the critiquing criteria, determine how well the study meets the criteria for each step of the process
2) determine which level of evidence fits the study
3) write cues, relationships of concepts, and questions on the photocopy
4) ask fellow students to analyze the same study, using the same criteria, and then compare their results with yours
5) consult faculty members about your evaluation of the study

Question 33

Pg. 51 3-1, highlights of critical reading process strategies: strategies for synthesis understanding? (5 Pts)

Answer 33

1) review your notes on the article, and determine how each step discussed in the article compares with the critiquing criteria
2) in your own words, type a one-page summary of the reviewed article
3) cite article references at the top according to the apa style manual or other reference style
4) in your own words, using the critiquing criteria, briefly summarize each reported research step
5) in your own words, briefly describe the study strengths and weaknesses

Question 34

Process of critical reading- in order to this what must you do?

Answer 34

In order to do a good critique, you should have some knowledge or understanding of the topic

Question 35

In the process of critical reading, what does critique mean?

Answer 35

Critique involves objectively and critically evaluating the content of the research paper for scientific merit and application to practice, theory and/or education
- does the study demonstrate how and what the patient outcomes can be impacted?

Question 36

After the critique of the paper what should you do?

Answer 36

• you must decide whether to apply the finding to your practice
• after you do the critique you can then determine the level of evidence the paper provides and decide if it should be used

Question 37

What are the levels of evidence?(1-7: 1 being the best evidence)

Answer 37

• Level one- systemic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails(RCT) evidence-informed clinical practice guides based on systematic reviews
• level two: a well designed RCT
• level three: controlled trail without randomization(quasiexperimental study)
• Level 4: single nonexperimental study (case control, correlational, cohort studies)
• level 5: systematic review I descriptive and qualitative studies
• level 6: single descriptive or qualitative study
• level seven- opinion of authorities and/or reports of exert committees

Question 38

What is an abstract?

Answer 38

• short comprehensive synopsis or summary of the study that appears at the beginning of an article
• provides main points of the study
• caution cannot rely solely on the abstract
• usual length, headings, content-varies according to journal

Question 39

Where do nursing research questions come from? Two main points

Answer 39

• critical practice and critical appraisal of the scientific literature
• initial literature review helps to identify the need to extend the knowledge base(gaps)
• many research questions are generated by nurses working at the bedside who question a practice or see that a change could make a difference to patient outcomes

Question 40

What is a literature review?

Answer 40

• done to identify current state of knowledge
• requires skill to ensure that have all the relevant studies conducted about a specific topic/ patient population
• usually only peer-reviewed journals are used
• literature from other disciplines important
• editorials, comments, grey literature(reports) usually not included

Question 41

What I a variable?

Answer 41

Any measurement that can take a range of possible values. Ex) age, weight, BP, ethnicity, stage of disease

Question 42

What is an independent variable?

Answer 42

Variable that has the presumed effect in the dependent variable ex) ht, wt, age

Question 43

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 43

The consequence or the presumed effect that varies with a change in the independent variable( outcome)

Question 44

What is the key difference between IV and DV?

Answer 44

DVs change in response to manipulation of the IVs in experimental research

Question 45

What are the four levels of measurement?

Answer 45

1) nominal- used to classify objects or events into categories without any relative ranking(gender, hair color, place of residence, ethnicity, marital status)
2) ordinal- a ranking of events or objects; numbers are not equidistant and zero is arbitrary( class ranking, level of education) ex) small, medium, large
3) interval- events or objects are ranked on a scale, the intervals of which have a consistent interpretation( wt, temp, Bp)
4) ratio- ranking of the order of events that has equal intervals and an absolute zero point( ht in cm, wt in kg, Bp mm hg, blood value, blood sugar)

Question 46

What is the format of a correlational experiment? P. 73 table 4-2

Answer 46

Is there a relationship between x( independent variable) and y (dependent variable) in the specified population. Ex) is there a relationship between the effectiveness of pain management strategies and quality of life?

Question 47

What is the format of a comparative research question? P.73

Answer 47

Is there a difference in y(DV) between people who have characteristic X(IV) and those who do not have characteristic X? Ex) is there a difference in prevention of osteoporosis in at-risk survivors of breast cancer who receive a combination of long term progressive strength training exercises, calcium, in comparison with those who do not receive this treatment?

Question 48

What is the format of quantitative research? P.73

Answer 48

Is there a difference in Y(DV) between group A, which received X( IV) and group B, which did not receive X? Ex) what is the difference In physical, social, and emotional adjustment in women with breast cancer( and their partners) who have received phase-specific standardized education by video versus phase- specific telephone counselling?

Question 49

What is the format of phenomenological( qualitative)? P.73

Answer 49

What is or was it like to have X? Ex) how do older adults learn to live with early-stage dementia?

Question 50

Critiquing criteria- some side notes

Answer 50

• usually hypothesis(ses) follow the literature review and the author identifies how they will be tested in the analysis section
• more than one hypothesis may be stated
• ultimately hypothesis and theories are never proven beyond doubt- data supports
• replication studies required to determine if results generalizable to other settings