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CNS Anatomy e > Overview Of Nervous System & Spinal Cord External Features & Scalp > Flashcards

Overview Of Nervous System & Spinal Cord External Features & Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the CNS embryological classifiction (with mentioning cavity of each)

A

Forebrain (prosencephlon): median diencephalon (3rd ventricle) + 2 telencephalons (2 lateral ventricles)
Midbrain (mesencaphalon, cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius)
Hind brain (rhombencephalon, 4th ventricle)

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2
Q

Describe arrangement of grey and white matter throughout CNS

A

Spinal chord, white matter surrounds H-shaped grey matter
Brain stem, scattered nuclei of grey matter in white matter
Cerebral hemispheres, deep nuclei & on the surface forming cortex

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3
Q

State functions of the CNS

A

Maintenance of homeostasis
Recieving and integrating sensory information
Integrating information
Controlling muscles and glands
Maintaining mental activity

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4
Q

Describe site & length of spinal cord

A

S: occupies upper 2/3 of vertebral column, begins a atlas vertebra as continuation of medulla oblongata, ends at level of disc between L1&2 at birth it ends at L3.
45 cm

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5
Q

Mention the enlargements of the spinal chord

A

Cervical enlargement gives origin to brachial plexus (C4 to T1)
Lumbar enlargement gives origin to lumbar and sacral plexuses (L1 to S4)

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6
Q

The tapering lower end if s.c. Is called …., a filament of … mater extends from its end then attaches to …., this is called….

A

Conus medullaris
Pia
Back of coccyx
Filum terminale

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7
Q

…..&…..divide the spinal cord into rt & lt halves

A

Anterior median fissure
Posterior median septum

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8
Q

Locate pseudounipolar neurons

A

In posterior root ganglion carried by posterior root of spinal nerves

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9
Q

All ant rami form plexuses except ……

A

The 12 thoracic

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10
Q

Mention the ant rami sending white ramus communicants

A

12 thoracic + upper 2 lumbar

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11
Q

Both rami of …are purely motor

A

C1

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12
Q

Write short note on recurrent meningeal nerve

A

It is the first branch of mixed spinal nerve after leaving IVF & re-enters through it to supply dura, periosteum, b.v. & IV discs. Plays a role in referred pain and occipital headache

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13
Q

All sacral & coccygeal segments are located opposite….

A

L1

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14
Q

Describe direction of spinal nerves

A

C1-2, horizontal
C3-T12, oblique
L1-Co, vertical

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15
Q

Describe exit of spinal nerves from the vertebral canal

A

C1-7 above corr disc
C8 below C7
T1-L5 below corr disc
S1-4 pass via ant & post sacral foramina
S5 & Co sacral hiatus

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16
Q

Mention the structure occupying the lower 1/3 of vertebral canal

A

Cauda equina

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17
Q

GR: 4th & 5th lumbar nerves are most liable to compression

A

As the size of spinal nerves inc in downwards direction while the size of intervertebral foramina dec

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18
Q

….is largest spinal nerve

A

S1

19
Q

The dura & arachnoid end at ….

A

S2

20
Q

Mention contents of subarachnoid space

A

CSF
Filum terminale
Ligamentum denticulatum (21 teeth)
Subarachnoid septum extends from post med septum

21
Q

Site & uses of lumbar puncture

A

S, above or just below the tip of 4th lumbar spine
U, diagnostic; to measure pressue, sample or inject air for contrast in C-ray
Therapeutic, relieve inc intracranial tension or inject abx or spinal anesthesia

22
Q

Describe the extent of the scalp

A

Ant: supra-orbital margin
Post: external occipital protuberance and highest nuchal line
Lat: superior temporal line

23
Q

Mention the result if density of CT of the 2nd layer

A

Infections tend to remain localized causing pain
Wounds do not gap
Injury to vessels leads to profuse bleeding as walls are adherent to CT septa thus can’t contract or retract

24
Q

Describe attachment of epicranial aponeurosis

A

Ant: frontal bellies of occipito-frontalis
Post: occipital bellies of o.f.
Lat: sup temporal line

25
Q

GR: wounds reaching aponeurotic layer gap

A

Due to muscle contraction

26
Q

Compare frontal bellies & occipital bellies of o.f.

A

F:
Origin: wider partly united in midline; each arises the skin of eyebrows
Insert in epicranial aponeurosis
Supplied by temoral branch of facial nerve
Pull scalp forwards and raise eyebrows
O:
Origin: narrower separated from each other by an extension of epicranial aponeurosis, each arises from lat 2/3 of the highest nuchal line
Inserted as before
Post auricular branch of facial nerve
Pull scalp downwards

27
Q

GR: Black eye occurs with injury of 4th scalp layer

A

As it is composed of loose areolar CT allowing spread of blood below the aponeurosis, it cannot spread to the neck due to attachment of occipital bellies to bone, but it can spread forward since the frontal bellies is not attached to bone thus the blood collects in the eyelid.

28
Q

What happens in case of injury of vessels of 5th layer

A

Collection of blood (hematoma) that takes the shape of bone.

29
Q

Mention arteries of the scalp

A

Supraorbital & supratrochlear
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery

30
Q

Mention branches originating from ICA & areas they supply

A

Supraorbital & supratrochlear
Skin of forehead, s.o. supplies skin till level of the vertex

31
Q

Enumerate branches of each:
1. Superficial temporal art
2. Post auricular
3. Occipital art

A

Transverse facial, auricular, middle temporal, glandular to parotid & terminal (frontal & parietal)
Auricular, occipital, stylomastoid
Auricular, occipital, mastoid, sternomastoid, descending, muscular & meningeal

32
Q

Superficial temporal art supplies ….

A

Skin of temple & side of scalp

33
Q

….ascends above post belly of digastric while ….ascends below it ….

A

Posterior auricular art
Occipital art

34
Q

Supraorbital & -trochlear veins unite to form ….., which drains into….forming……that ends in…..

A

Facial vein
Ant division of retromandibular vein
Common facial vein
IJV

35
Q

Retromandibular vein is formed from….

A

Union of superficial temporal and maxillary veins

36
Q

Describe course of posterior auricular vein

A

Unites with post division of retromandibular vein forming EJV

37
Q

Occipital vein drains into …..

A

Suboccipital venous plexus

38
Q

What is the importance of emissary veins?

A

They help to reduce venous pressure inside the cranial cavity

39
Q

Mention nerves in front of the auricle

A

A
Sensory:
Supraorbital, supratrochlear, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal
Motor: temporal branch of facial nerve

40
Q

Mention nerves behind the auricle

A

Sensory:
Greater auricular, lesser occipital, greater occipital, third occipital nerves.
Motor: posterior auricular bracg of facial nerve

41
Q

Nerves which originate from C2 only

A

Lesser occipital, greater occipital

42
Q

The skin up to vertex on the front is supplied by ….., while on the back ….

A

Supraorbital
Greater occipital

43
Q

Describe lymph drainage of scalp

A

Pre-auricular, parotid LNs
Post-auricular, mastoid & occipital LNs

CNS Anatomy e (2 decks)

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