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Foundations of Clinical Science > Overview of Nervous System > Flashcards

Overview of Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) divided into?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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2
Q

What two cell types are present in the brain?

A

Neurons and glia

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3
Q

What is the role of glia?

A

Supporting cells to help nerve cells communicate

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4
Q

What are the types of glia in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

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5
Q

What are the types of glia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendroglia

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6
Q

What are the features of a neuron?

A

Cell body with nucleus
Dendrites reaching out to comminucate w other cells
Axon is an elongated dendrite
Terminal Boutons are endings of axon
Myelin protects axon as insulation and speeds up electrical impulse (jump through nodes of Ranvier)

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7
Q

Where are neurons located?

A

Brain and spinal cord, also in gut

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8
Q

What are neurons derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

What are the groups that neurons aggregate in?

A

Laminae (layers in cortex of brain)
Nuclei (clumps in brain)
Gangliae (clumps on neurons in/outside brain)

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10
Q

Can neurons proliferate?

A

Neural stem cells (progeniter cells in adult brain) can proliferate, once specialised they cannot

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11
Q

How do neurons receive, process and generate signals?

A 
Action potentials
Chemical neurotransmission (synapses)
Electrical neurotransmission (gap junctions)
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12
Q

What happens when an action potential arrives at the terminal bouton?

A

Triggers release of neurotransmitter into synpatic cleft, and then latches on to receptor on post synaptic neuron -> this then opens the channel and allows influx of sodium/potassium to flow into this neuron generating another AP

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13
Q

Describe an astrocyte and its function

A

Star shaped cell in CNS
Provides physical and nutritional support for neurons via:
1. cleaning up brain debris
2. transport nutrients to neurons
3. holds neurons in place (scaffolding)
4. digest parts of dead neurons
5. regulate content of extracellular space

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14
Q

What is the function of microglia

A

Digest parts of dead neurons in CNS

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15
Q

What is the function of oligodendroglia

A

Produce insulation (myelin) for neurons in CNS (one oligodendracyte might wrap around multiple different axons)

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16
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

Physical support for neurons in PNS

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17
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells

A

Provide insulation (myelin) to neurons in PNS (whole cell wraps around one axon, gaps between them are nodes of Ranvier)

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18
Q

What are the layers of the skull protecting the CNS?

A 
Skin
Periosteum
Bone
Dura mater*
Arachnoid*
Pia mater*

*Meninges, cover spinal cord as well as brain

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19
Q

What fluid is within the meninges and between which layers does it reside?

A

CSF, located between dura and arachnoid

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20
Q

What are the ‘shock absorbers’ of the spinal cord?

A

Intervertebral discs, between each vertebral body (rings that wrap around spinal cord)

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21
Q

What is the main function of CSF?

A

Buoyancy, for protection of brain (absorbs physical pressures)

Also provides chemical stability (eg in case of intoxication), and reduces risk of lack of oxygen to brain

22
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Temporal - memory, languages and sensory processing for sound and emotions
Occipital - vision
Parietal - sensory and motor
Frontal - intellectual and complex functions

23
Q

What is grey and white matter?

A

Grey matter- laminae of neurons on surface of brain in layers (unmyelinated)
White matter - myelinated axons

24
Q

What is the brain stem composed of?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblangata

25
Q

How are the cranial nerves grouped in connection to the brainstem?

A

Midbrain: III, IV
Pons: V, VI, VII, VIII
Medulla: IX, X, XI, XII

Olfactory (I) and optic (II) to nose and eyes

26
Q

How far does the spinal cord extend?

A

From base of skull (Foramen Magnum) to first lumbar vertabrae (L1-L2)

27
Q

What are the divisions of the spinal cord?

A 
Cervical 8
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacral 5
Conus
Cauda equina
28
Q

What parts of the body does each section of the spinal cord supply?

A 
Cervical - head neck, UL (upper limbs)
Thoracic - chest, UL, abdo
Lumbar - pelvis
Sacral - legs and bottom
Conus - very thin area
Cauda equina
29
Q

What are anterior horn cells?

A

Motor neurons, start in spinal cord and have some of the longest axons in the body

30
Q

Where is the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

In the centre where it is better protected, with white matter on outside for fatty insulated tracts

31
Q

How do nerves come out the spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerves- motor nerves come out through anterior side (anterior route) and sensory neurons come in through posterior route (spinal nerve is where these join together)

32
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Each spinal root has an area of skin that corresponds to its supply (sensory)

33
Q

What are myotomes?

A

Each spinal root has an area of muscle that corresponds to its supply (motor)

34
Q

What do peripheral nerves contain?

A

epi/peri/endoneurium
Schwann cells
Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres

35
Q

Describe the structure of a nerve

A

Individual axons bundled together in a fasicle
Endoneurium within the fasicle for support
Surrounded by connective tissue (perineurium)
Multiple fasicles bundled together in nerve
Surrounded by epineurium
Blood vessels within nerve to keep nerves alive
Nerves also have myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres

36
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) isa highly specialized synapse between a motor neuron nerve terminal and its muscle fiberthat are responsible for converting electrical impulses generated by the motor neuron into electrical activity in the muscle fibers.

37
Q

What are the three type of sensory nerve endings?

A

Exteroceptors
Propioceptors
Enteroceptors (visceroceptors)

38
Q

What is the function of exteroreceptors?

A

Respond to stimuli outside the body, special senses like photoreceptors, olfactory neurones, cochlear hair cells and body surface like mechano/chemoreceptors

39
Q

What is the function of propioceptors?

A

Respond to stimuli from muscles, tendons and joints

40
Q

What is the function of enteroceptors?

A

Respond to stimuli from internal surfaces like walls of viscera and blood vessels

41
Q

What are propioceptors located and what types are there?

A

Present in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
Vital to maintenance of balance and movement control
Types: Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles and joint kinaesthetic receptors

42
Q

What are the features of the ANS?

A

Essential to life- dead by neurological criteria (brainstem dead)
Involuntary and directed toward control of individual organ function and homeostasis
Parasympathetic (cranial, sacral nerves)
Sympathetic (T1-L2)

43
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters for PNS and SNS?

A

Parasympathetic: Ach
Sympathetic: Adrenaline

44
Q

What arteries supply the CNS?

A

Carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries (Circle of Willis, cerebral arteries)
Join together in basilar artery

45
Q

What veins take blood away from the CNS?

A

Venous sinuses and Jugular veins

46
Q

Why is the circle of Willis important?

A

The circle of Willis acts toprovide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas (eg, carotid artery damaged, brain could still receive blood supply from vertebrals and remaining carotid artery)

47
Q

What area of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and superior parts of the frontal lobe, and the anterior parietal lobe.

48
Q

What area of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Parietal and temporal regions

49
Q

What area of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Occipital and inner temporal areas

50
Q

Where are the cerebral veins?

A

They can be divided into superficial and deep groups, which are flamboyantly arranged aroundthe gyri and sulci of the brain. Upon exiting the cerebral parenchyma, the veins run in the subarachnoid space and pierce the meninges to drain into the dural venous sinuses.

51
Q

What vein drains the brain head?

A

The dural venous sinuses collect venous blood from the veins that drain the brain and bony skull, and ultimately drain into theinternal jugular vein

Foundations of Clinical Science (4 decks)

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