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PPP > Overview of Metabolism > Flashcards

Overview of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Series of enzyme reactions within cells for converting
fuel molecules into ‘useful energy’
The enzyme reactions of synthesis/breakdown/interconversion of essential biomolecules

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy

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3
Q

How can you identify catabolic reaction?

A

Names end in ‘lysis’

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4
Q

Name 3 e.g.s of catabolism

A
  • glycolysis
  • lipolysis
  • glycogenolysis
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5
Q

What does catabolism generate?

A

ATP & NADH – energy storage mol

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6
Q

Where does catabolism mostly occur?

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

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8
Q

How can you identify anabolic reaction?

A

Names end in ‘genesis’

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9
Q

Name 3 e.g.s of anabolism

A
  • gluconeogen
  • lipogen
  • glycogenesis
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10
Q

What does anabolism use?

A

ATP, GTP, UTP

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11
Q

Where does anabolism mostly occur?

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

What do pathways of glycolysis and TCA cycle act together to do?

A

convert glucose to CO2

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13
Q

What is chem reaction for aerobic resp?

A

C6H12O6 + + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30 ATP (+2 GTP)

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14
Q

What do the TCA cycle and glycolysis pathways do through mit resp?

A

provide energy for tissues, such as muscle, kidney and brain

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15
Q

What are 4 stages of cat for glucose?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. TCA cycle
  4. Ox phos
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16
Q

What are 3 stages of cat for FA?

A
  1. Beta ox
  2. TCA cycle
  3. Ox phos
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17
Q

What are 3 stages of cat for aa?

A
  1. Transamination
  2. TCA cycle
  3. Ox phos
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18
Q

What occurs during glycolysis?

A

Glucose converted to pyruvate

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19
Q

What occurs during LR?

A

Pyruvate converted to acetate

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20
Q

What occurs during TCA cycle?

A
  • ox of acetate to CO2

- production of NADH + FADH2

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21
Q

What occurs during ox phos?

A
  • H + O2 —> H2O

- ADP + Pi —> ATP

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22
Q

What occurs during beta ox?

A

FA converted to acetate

23
Q

What occurs during transamination?

A

aa converted to acetate

24
Q

When are aa used in met?

A

When starving as last resort

25
Q

Why can’t get energy from anything fully ox e.g. CO2?

A

contains no H

26
Q

Why can from fully red mol e.g. CH4?

A

contains H - can gen energy from combustion

27
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

28
Q

Where does Beta ox occur?

A

Matrix of mit

29
Q

Where does LR occur?

A

Matrix of mit

30
Q

Where does TCA cycle occur?

A

Matrix of mit

31
Q

Where does ox phos occur?

A

Inner mit mem

32
Q

How do FAs get into cells?

A

FAs bind to albumin in blood and then taken up by FA binding protein inside cell and probs transporter inbetween

33
Q

How does glucose get into cells?

A

Through specific glucose transporters

34
Q

What are 2 properties of ATP?

A
  • Chemically stable at pH 6-9

- Structural features e.g. NH2 group recognised by specific proteins, enzymes, etc

35
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis give?

A

ADP + Pi + H+ + energy

36
Q

How are the bonds in ATP formed, what type of bonds are they and why are they special?

A
  • phosphoric acid + phosphoric acid – form anhydride bond

– high energy

37
Q

Which phosphoanhydride bond is broken in ATP hydrolysis?

A

– only last 2 bonds and not one between ribose and 1st phosphate

38
Q

What is the energy available from ATP hydrolysis used for?

A
  • cellular work

- chem syn

39
Q

When 2 phosphoanhydride bonds are broken at ATP, what is the resulting mol?

A

AMP

40
Q

What is free energy of reaction of ATP hydrolysis?

A

30.5 kJ mol-1 (approx 31 kJ of energy per mol)

41
Q

How does ATP affect equilibria of coupled reactions and e.g?

A
  • shifts it by a factor of 10 to power 8
  • e.g. A to B is unfavourable reaction – use energy from ATP hydrolysis to make it go
  • A B now A + ATP + H2O —> B + ADP + Pi + H+
42
Q

What are functions of ATP?

A
  • Used directly in cell motility and contraction e.g. myosin, dynein e.g. of proteins that take this energy and use it for contraction
  • Used in Na+ / K+ pumps, active transport systems & metabolic control
  • phosphorylation of proteins
  • Used in metabolism to add Pi to metabolic intermediates e.g. glucose to keep it in the cell during glycolysis
43
Q

What are gen features of met pathways?

A
  • Can’t go directly from sub e.g. glucose to product e.g. CO2
  • has to be series of multiple reactions with pathways using multiple enz
44
Q

What is the rate of a biochemical reaction dependent on?

A

enzyme activity

45
Q

What is the direction (equilibrium) of a reaction dependent on?

A

the properties of the chemical molecules themselves.

46
Q

How do enz affect reactions and how?

A
  • accelerate rate of reaction so reaction that normally wouldn’t occur is accelerated
  • Enz lower Ea bc if its not lowered, reaction can’t occur bc its too high
47
Q

How can rate of enz reaction be regulated by sub?

A

by altering the availability of the substrate, (e.g. by increasing the transport system into the cell – more sub coming in)

48
Q

How can rate of enz reaction be regulated enz?

A
  • by increasing the amount of enzyme present in the cell
  • by increasing the rate of transcription from the gene in DNA into mRNA
  • ‘up regulation’ or ‘induction’ – inc reaction rate by inc enz expression
  • ‘down regulation’ or ‘repression’ e.g. inhibitors to stop reaction occuring
49
Q

What are Regulation Mechanisms for Enzymes already present in the Cell and e.g.?

A
  • Interconversion of ‘active’ & ‘inactive’ forms of key enzymes
  • e.g. Protein kinase uses ATP to put phosphate on OH group of inactive enz – form ester bond and now phosphorylated form of enz (active)
  • remove phosphate using protein phosphatase
50
Q

For normal enz, what does velocity depend on and why?

A
  • S conc
  • Low S conc means not all sites occupied so velocity inc
  • until get to high S conc and enz working at max velocity so can’t inc any further
  • Hyperbolic graph
51
Q

How do allosteric enz differ to normal enz?

A
  • have:
  • activating site
  • S binding site
  • inhibitory site
  • Way of reg enz through activator/inhibitor
  • Sigmoid graph e.g. Hb
52
Q

What do met reactions require?

A
  • fuel mol (sub/intermediates)
  • enz
  • cofactors e.g. activating ions - Mg2+, Cl-, Zn2+ or coenz/prosthetic groups
53
Q

What is role of ATP for?

A
  • ‘high energy’ cofactor in the cell for kinase enzymes
  • driving mechanical events such as pumps, transporters, contractile events & movement
  • ATP —> ADP + Pi
54
Q

What are other ‘high energy’ nucleotide cofactors used for and e.g?

A
  • drive specific biosynthetic reactions
    – enz recognise them for certain reactions
  • UTP drives the synthesis of complex sugars
  • GTP drives the synthesis of proteins, also couples hormone receptors to cell surface for hormone to act in cell

PPP (6 decks)

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