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DEMS: Unit II > Overview of Lipid Biochemistry > Flashcards

Overview of Lipid Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Structure

A

cholesterol

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2
Q

Characteristics of cholesterol structure

A
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3
Q

Structure?

A

phospholipids

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4
Q

Characteristics of phospholipid structure

A
  • hydrophillic head
  • fatty acid chains = hydrophobic
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5
Q

Structure?

A

fatty acid

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6
Q

Characteristics of Fatty Acid Structure

A
  • hydrocarbon chain
  • saturated vs. unsaturated
  • carboxyl group
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7
Q

Chemical properties of lipids

A
  • less polar than gluocse or amino acids
  • not water soluble
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8
Q

Fatty acids: chemical properties & sources

A
  • Chem prop
    • Most polar
  • Sources
    • Acetyl CoA → de novo lipogenesis
    • Diet for essential fatty acids
    • Sugars, AA’s, fats
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9
Q

Phospholipids: chemical properties & sources

A
  • Chem prop
    • 2nd most polar
  • Sources
    • membranes
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10
Q

Cholesterol: chemical properties & sources

A
  • Chem prop
    • 3rd most polar
  • Sources
    • Diet
    • Synthesized from Acetyl CoA in liver
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11
Q

Cholesterol ester: chemical properties & sources

A
  • Chem prop
    • not very polar
  • Cholesterol ester = precursor to cholesterol
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12
Q

Triglycerides: chemical properties & sources

A
  • Chem prop
    • non polar
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13
Q

Fatty acids: General fxns

A
  • Float in blood during exercise
  • Major component of cell membranes
  • Store calories
  • Precursors for eicosanoids like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
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14
Q

Phospholipids: General fxns

A

form membranes

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15
Q

Cholesterol: General fxns

A
  • Cell membrane component
  • precursor for steroid proteins
  • bile acids
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16
Q

De Novo lipogenesis pathway (general)

A
  • glucose is present in the liver or adipose tissue in excess (fed state) undergoes glycolysis to pyruvate
  • ==> mitochodria ==>converted to acetyl CoA
  • ==> citrate ==> leaves the mitochondria
  • ==> fatty acid @ cytoplasm.
17
Q

De Novo Lipogenesis @ liver & adipose tissue

A

Liver: Acetyl CoA → Citrate → leaves mitochondria → Acetyl CoA → Malonyl CoA → Fatty Acid

Adipose tissue: Fatty acid + glycerol → Tryglyceride. Or it can be stored as VLDL.

18
Q

Beta-oxidation pathway

A
  • body is in negative energy balance such as (short-term fasting or during exercise)
  • fat = important alternative fuel for muscle and liver in an effort to preserve glucose for the brain.
  • oxidation of fat during fasting provides the energy (ATP) which is needed to fuel gluconeogenesis.
  • Occurs in mitochondria.
  • Triglycerides in adipose tissue → Fatty acids → Acyl carnine → into mitochondria → Acetyl CoA
19
Q

Ketogenesis pathway general conditions

A
  • insulin is very low or absent and counter-regulatory hormones quite high
  • occurs during long-term fasting
  • acetyl CoA produced by beta-oxidation in the liver can take an alternate route and become a ketone body
20
Q

Purpose of ketogenesis pathway

A
  • Ketones (3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) serve as an alternative fuel for the brain and other tissues in states of prolonged dietary “glucose insufficiency” (fasting or low carbohydrate diets).
  • body decides that continuing to break down muscle to provide substrate for gluconeogenesis is counter-productive and the brain begins to use an alternate fuel that comes from fat to preserve lean body mass.
21
Q

Specific conditions ==> ketogenesis pathway

A
  • starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis and alcoholic ketoacidosis
  • commonalities btwn these conditions:
      1. very low insulin levels
      1. high counter-regulatory hormones
      1. An abundant source of substrate: fatty acids in the case of fasting and diabetic ketoacidosis, and EtOH in the case of alcoholic ketoacidosis
        * Acetyl CoA produced by both fatty acid and alcohol metabolism
22
Q

Characteristics of lipoprotein pathways

A
  • non polar lipids cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglyceride and phospholipids do not dissolve in water ==>must move through the blood in some other way
  • They move in particles called lipoproteins that contain apo-lipoproteins and lipids in varying amounts.
  • lipoproteins classified based on differences in composition of varying in size and density
23
Q

Major lipoprotein pathways

A
  1. Dietary fat pathway / Chylomicron pathway: triglyceride rich (majority) + phospholipid (minority) particles deliver dietary fat to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
  2. VLDL pathway: triglyceride derived from the liver is delivered to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
  3. HDL pathway: largely functions as a reservoir and transport system for a variety of lipids including cholesterol from the periphery to the liver.
24
Q

Characteristics of cholesterol synthesis

A
  • Cholesterol = important component of cell membranes & precursor for steroid hormones & bile acids
    • also causes atherosclerosis.
  • Some cholesterol comes from the diet, but it can also be synthesized from acetyl CoA thru the formation of hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA.
  • Acetyl CoA → leaves mitochondria → HMG CoA (HMG CoA Reductase) → Mevalonate → Cholesterol
25
Q

Classes of specialized lipids

A
  • phospholipids
  • sphingolipids
  • glycosphingolipids
  • arachidonic acid ==> LTs or PGs/thromboxanes
26
Q

Characteristics of phospholipids

A
  • Phospholipids that have a glycerol backbone and a PO4 group attached to one of the positions of the glycerol backbone
  • fxns = cell membranes and lipoprotein particles especially and come in several classes depending on the side chains that are attached to the PO4 group.
27
Q

Characteristics of sphingolipids

A
  • Sphingolipids are built on a ceramide backbone.
  • The backbone is unique because it is derived in part from an amino acid (serine), thus it contains a nitrogen atom.
28
Q

Characteristics of glycosphingolipids

A
  • Glycosphingolipids have a ceramide backbone
  • also have sugar residues attached to the “head group”.
29
Q

Characteristics of arachidonic acid derivatives

A
  • Made from arachidonic acid which can form either leukotrienes or prostaglandins/thromboxanes.
  • important regulatory molecules in a number of cell types involved in inflammation.
  • Cyclo-oxygenase 1 and 2 are the critical enzymes in this synthetic pathway.

DEMS: Unit II (24 decks)

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