Overview of Individual Psychology Flashcards
His Individual Psychology present an ____ ___ __ _____ while resting heavily on the _____ __ ___ _____, that is a _____ __ _____ with all mankind.
optimistic view of people
notion of social interest
feeling of oneness
First, Freud reduced all motivation to sex and aggression, Adler saw people as being _____ ____ __ ___ _____ and by their _____ __ _____ __ ____.
motivated mostly by social influences
striving for superiority or success
Second, Freud assumed that people have ____ __ __ ____ in shaping their personality, Adler believed that people are ____ ______ ___ ___ ___ ___.
little or no choice
largely responsible for who they are
Third, Freud’s assumption that present behavior is caused by ____ ______
was directly opposed to Adler’s notion that present behavior is shaped by _____ ___ __ _____.
past experiences
people’s view of future
Fourth, contrast to Freud, heavy emphasis on _____ components of
behavior, Adler believed that _______ ______ people are usually _____ of
___ they are doing and ____ they are doing it.
unconscious
psychologically healthy
aware
what
why
People strive towards final goal of either personal superiority or the goal of success for
all mankind.
The Final Goal
People strive for superiority or success as a means of compensation for feelings of inferiority or weakness.
The Striving Force as Compensation
Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for personal superiority with little
concern for other people. Although they may appear to be interested in other
people, their basic motivation is personal benefit.
The Striving for Personal Superiority
In contrast, psychologically healthy people strive for the success of
all humanity, but they do so without losing their personal identity.
Striving for Success
People’s subjective view of the world- not reality- shapes their behavior.
SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS
Fictions are people’s expectations of the future. Adler held that fictions
guide behavior, because people act as if these fictions are true. Adler
emphasized teleology over causality, or explanations of behavior in
terms of future goals rather than past causes.
FICTIONALISM
Adler believed that all humans are “blessed’ with physical inferiorities,
which stimulate subjective feelings of inferiority and move people toward
perfection or completion.
PHYSICAL INFERIORITIES
Adler believed that all behaviors are directed toward a single
purpose.
● Each person is unique and indivisible.
UNITY AND SELF CONSISTENCY OF PERSONALITY
According to Adler (1956), the whole person strives in a self
consistent fashion toward a single goal, and all separate actions
and functions can be understood only as parts of this goal.
UNITY AND SELF CONSISTENCY OF PERSONALITY
People often use a physical disorder to express style of life, a
condition Adler called _____.
ORGAN DIALECT
Conscious and unconscious processes are unified and operate to achieve
a single goal. The part of our goal that is not clearly understood is
unconscious; that part of our goal we fail to fully comprehend is conscious.
CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS
Human behavior has value to the extent that it is motivated by social interest, that is a feeling of oneness
with all of humanity.
SOCIAL INTEREST
social feeling or community feeling
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST
Although social interest exists as potentiality in all people, it must be
fostered in a social environment.
Adler believed that the ____-____ relationship can be so strong that it ____ the ____ __ _____.
Every person has had the ____ __ _____ ______ sown during those
early months of infancy
parent-child
negates
effects of heredity
seeds of social interest
Although social interest exists as potentiality in all people, it must be
fostered in a social environment. Adler believed that the parent-child
relationship can be so strong that it negates the effects of heredity.
Every person has had the seeds of social interest sown during those
early months of infancy
ORIGINS OF
SOCIAL
INTEREST
IMPORTANCE OF
SOCIAL INTEREST
According to Adler, ___ _____ is “ the ___ _____ of human values,’ and the ______ of all one’s actions must be seen by
this standard.
Without social interest, societies could not ____;
individuals in antiquity could not have _____ without
cooperating with others to protect themselves from danger.
social interest
sole criterion
worthiness
exist
survived
THREE MAJOR TASK IN LIFE TO BE ABLE TO DEVELOP SOCIAL INTEREST:
- occupational tasks
- social tasks
- love and marriage tasks
Through constructive work, the person helps to advance society.
occupational tasks
This requires cooperation with fellow humans (division of labor)
social tasks
Relationship between this tasks and the continuance of society is clear.
love and marriage tasks
FOUR TYPES OF PEOPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR DEGREE OF SOCIAL INTEREST:
- Ruling - dominant type
- Getting - learning type
- Avoiding type
- socially useful type
Attempts to rule or dominate people
ruling - dominant type
Expects everything from others and gets everything he/she can from them.
getting - learning type
Succeeds in life by avoiding problems. Such a person avoids failure by never
attempting anything.
getting - avoiding type
Confronts problems and attempts to solve them in a socially useful way.
socially useful type
It is the manner of a person’s striving, a pattern that is
relatively well set by 4 to 5 years of age. However, Adler believed that healthy
individuals are marked by flexible behavior and that they have some limited
ability to change their ______.
STYLE OF LIFE
Refer to the flavor of a person’s life. It includes a person’s goal, self-concept,
feelings for others, and attitude toward the world.
Style of life
Adler believe that each person is empowered with the freedom to create her
or his own style of life.
CREATIVE POWER
Adler believed that people are what they make of themselves. This endows humans, within certain limit, with the freedom to be either
psychologically healthy or unhealthy and to follow either a useful or useless
style of life.
CREATIVE POWER
Creative power is not limited to healthy people; unhealthy individuals also create their
own personalities. Thus, each of us is free to choose either a useful or a useless style
of life.
ABNORMAL DEVELOPMEN
The most important factor in abnormal development is lack of social interest. In
addition, people with a useless style of life tend to
(1) set their goals too high,
(2) have
a dogmatic style of life
(3) live in their own private world.
(1) set their goals too high,
(2) have
a dogmatic style of life
(3) live in their own private world.
Both men and women sometimes overemphasize the desirability of being manly, a
condition Adler called the masculine protest. The frequently found inferior status of
women is not based on physiology but on historical developments and social learning.
masculine protest
exaggerated physical deficiencies, which do not by themselves cause abnormal
development, but which may contribute to it by generating subjective and
exaggerated feelings of inferiority;
external Factors in Maladjustment
a neglected style of life, which leads to distrust of other people.
external Factors in Maladjustmentternal Factors in Maladjustment
a pampered style of life, which contributes to an overriding drive to establish a
permanent parasitic relationship with the mother or a mother substitute
external Factors in Maladjustment
