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Endocrinology > Overview of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Overview of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads
Pancreas
Parathyroid glands
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2
Q

What is the endocrine role of the hypothalamus?

A

They hypothalamus releases activating and inhibitory hormones

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3
Q

What hormones is the pituitary responsible for secreting?

A

Anterior lobe - trophic (growth) hormones

Posterior lobe – oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH)

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4
Q

What are the 2 major hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine

Triiodothyronine

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5
Q

What hormones are released via the adrenal glands?

A

Cortex:
Cortisol, aldosterone

Medulla: Adrenaline/noradrenaline

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6
Q

Which hormones do the gonads secrete?

A

Oestrogens, androgens, progestogens

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7
Q

What is the role of the endocrine pancreas?

A

Secretes Insulin and glucagon for regulating BGL

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8
Q

What hormone is secreted by the Parathyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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9
Q

What other organs secrete significant hormones in the body?

A 
Kidney (Vit. D, EPO- increases RBC), 
CVS (ANP, endothelins)             
Pineal gland (melatonin)
Thymus gland (thymic hormones)
Bone (phosphate)
Adipose tissue (leptin)
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10
Q

What are the different signalling mechanisms of the endocrine system?

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Intracrine

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11
Q

What is endocrine secretions?

A

hormones released by an endocrine cell into the general circulation and acting on distant target sites

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12
Q

What is meant by Paracrine secretions?

A

hormones released into an endocrine cell which act locally on adjacent cell

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13
Q

What is autocrine secretion?

A

hormones released by a cell which act back on the same cell

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14
Q

What are intracrine secretions?

A

conversion of an inactive hormone that acts within that cell

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15
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A

Reproduction, growth and development
- Sex Steroids, thyroid hormones, prolactin, growth
hormone

Maintenance of internal environment
- Aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D

Energy production, utilization and storage
- Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol, growth
hormone

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16
Q

What are the protein/peptide hormones?

A
  • Hypothalamic hormones
  • Pituitary hormones
  • Insulin
  • PTH
  • Calcitonin
17
Q

Name the steroid hormones (cholesterol)

A
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosteorne
  • Oestrogens
  • Androgens
  • Progestagens
  • Vitamin D
18
Q

Name the amino acid derivatives (tyrosine / tryptophan)

A
  • Nor/Adrenaline (tyrosine)
  • Thyroid hormones (tyrosine)
  • Melatonin (tryptophan)
19
Q

Which hormone are derived from fatty acids?

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Thromboxanes
  • Prostacyclin
20
Q

What form are hormones usually released in?

A

Predominantly released as prohormones and then cleaved for activation in the golgi apparatus
E.g.
Pre-proInsulin –> Proinsulin -> Insulin

21
Q

What is the precursor of all steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol - all steroid hormone share the steroid nucleus (structure)

22
Q

What is the effect of plasma proteins on hormones?

A

Plasma proteins alter the solubility of hormones that otherwise couldn’t be transported

23
Q

Describe the half life and circulation of protein / peptide hormones

A

Half life - minutes

transported mainly unbound to plasma proteins

24
Q

What is the half life and circulation of thyroid hormones?

A

Half life - Seconds (CA’s)
- Hours (thyroid hormones)

Thyroid hormones transported bound to plasma proteins

25
Q

What is the half life and circulation of steroid hormones?

A

Half life - hours to days

transported bound to plasma proteins to make them soluble

26
Q

What is the significance of the neuro-endocrine integration?

A

The Anatomy and functional connections of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis and the hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland all work in conjunction with one another

27
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of hormones secreted directly into the blood

A

Magnocellular neurons within the hypothalamus are neurosecretory cells responsible for releasing oxytocin and ADH directly into bloodstream

28
Q

What is the 3 tier hormone secretory system?

A

Hormone secreted via Hypothalamus to Pituitary to Target organ via parvocellular neurons

29
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of parvocellular neurons

A
  1. Release and synthesize inhibitory hormones in
    hypothalamus
  2. Hormones enter bloodstream and act on anterior lobe
    of pituitary gland
  3. Then act on pituitary which releases growth hormones,
    prolactin, sex steroids etc. to act on their target organs
30
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

growth hormones

31
Q

Describe the negative feedback control of hormones

A

When increased they act to upstream regulators within hypothalamic-pituitary axis to decrease further synthesis and release

32
Q

What is the significance of the negative feedback of hormone release?

A

hormonal concentration need to be regulated to modulate their effects

33
Q

What can effect the negative feedback of hormones?

A

external stimuli

34
Q

What is the pattern of hormone secretion?

A

All hormones secreted in a pulsatile pattern

35
Q

What daily rhythms effect hormone secretions?

A 
Daily rhythms : 
- Circadian (24hr body clock)
- Diurnal (day/night)
Monthly cycles (females)
Annual cycles (seen mainly in animals)
36
Q

What causes disorders of the endocrine system?

A

Excess or deficiency
Impaired synthesis
Transport and metabolism of hormones
Resistance to hormone action

37
Q

What is the consequence of decreased ACTH?

A

Decreased cortisol causing Addison’s disease

38
Q

What is the effect of excess ACTH?

A

Increased cortisol levels leads to Cushing’s disease

Endocrinology (12 decks)

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