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Endo > Overview of endocrinology > Flashcards

Overview of endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

State hypothalamic hormone which controls secretion of GH?

A

GHRH Increases
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

GHIH/somatostatin Decreases
GHIH= Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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2
Q

Describe the half life in cirulation and transport of tyrosine deriv (CA’s),
thyroid hormones?

A 
HL= Seconds (CA), Hours (thyroid)
T= Thyroid bound to plasma proteins

CA= catecholamines

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3
Q

State secretions in thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine

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4
Q

State hypothalamic hormone which controls secretion of TSH?

A

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) Increases
Somatostatin (GHIH) (Growth hormone inhibitng hormone) Decreases

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5
Q

State the 3 general functions of hormones?

A
  1. Reproduction, growth and development
  2. Maintenance of internal environment
  3. Energy production, utilization and storage
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6
Q

State the 4 chemical classifications of hormones?

A

Protein/peptide
Steroid (cholestrol)
Amino acid derivative (tyrosine/tryptophan)
Fatty acid derivative

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7
Q

State secretions of the adipose tissue?

A

Leptin

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8
Q

State the hormones secreted via the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

These are all trophic hormones (cause stimulation of other glands):

GH (Growth hormone)
prolactin
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
LH/ FSH (Luteinizing hormone (LH) and
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) )

Remember via ‘ FAT PEG’

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9
Q

State the hormones involved in maintenance of internal environment?

A

Aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D

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10
Q

Describe the Paracrine signalling mechanism

A

Hormones released by endo. cells which act locally on
adjacent cells

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11
Q

Name the 8 major endocrine glands

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Gonads
  • Pancreas
  • Parathyroid glands
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12
Q

State the hormones involved in energy production, utilization and storage?

A

Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol, growth hormone

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13
Q

Describe the autocrine signalling mechanism

A

Hormones released by a cell which act back on the same cell

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14
Q

State the secretions involved within the regions of the adrenal
gland

A

Cortex: Cortisol, aldosterone
Medulla: Adrenaline/noradrenaline

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15
Q

State 6 examples of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Oestrogens
Androgens
Progestagens
Vitamin D

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16
Q

State the secretions involved within the regions of the pituitary
gland

A

Anterior lobe - trophic hormones
Posterior lobe – oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH)

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17
Q

State secretions in Pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon

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18
Q

State hypothalamic hormone which controls secretion of Prolactin?

A

Dopamine Decreases

(Dominant control)

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19
Q

Describe how hormones from the anterior pituitary lobe released?

A

Along the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Other neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release their hormones into the portal capillaries
These are transported directly to endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland
This stimulate secretion of the AP hormones

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20
Q

State the hormones involved in repro., growth and development?

A

Sex Steroids, thyroid hormones, prolactin, growth hormone

21
Q

State 3 examples of FA derivatives hormones?

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclin

FA= Fatty acid

22
Q

Excess GH?

A

Acromegaly

23
Q

Describe the half life in cirulation and transport of steroid hormones?

A 
HL= Hours- days
T= Bound to plasma proteins
24
Q

State 5 examples of protein/peptide hormones?

A

Hypothalamic hormones
Pituitary hormones
Insulin
PTH
Calcitonin

25
Q

Describe the half life in cirulation and transport of protein/peptide hormones?

A 
HL= Minutes
T= Mainly unbound
26
Q

State hypothalamic hormone which controls secretion of ACTH?

A

CRH (Corticotrophin releasing hormone) Increases ACTH

27
Q

State the 4 signalling mechanisms within the endocrine system

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Intracrine

28
Q

Excess of cortisol?

A

Cushing’s disease

29
Q

State secretions in gonads

A

Oestrogens, androgens, progestagens

30
Q

State the hormones secreted via the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)

31
Q

State secretions of the thymus gland?

A

Thymic hormones

32
Q

State secretions of CVS (cardiac muscle cells)?

A

ANP (atrial natrieutic hormone)
Endothelins

33
Q

State 4 examples of AA derivatives hormones?

A

Adrenaline
Nor-adrenaline (tyrosine)
Thyroid hormones (tyrosine)
Melatonin (tryptophan)

AA= Amino acid

34
Q

State secretions of the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

35
Q

Describe how hormones from the posterior pituitary lobe released?

A

Along the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Magnocellular neurones in the hypothalamus synthesise the posterior pituitary hormones, where they send it
to the posterior lobe along nerves and release from the posterior lobe of the PG

36
Q

State the 3 glands controlled by the hypothalmic-pituitary axis with the hormone
that stimulates it?

A

Thyroid (TSH)
Adrenal cortex (ACTH)
Gonads (LH/FSH)

37
Q

Major function of hypothalamus

A

Releasing & inhibiting hormones

38
Q

What is a neurosecretory cell?

A

Neurosecretory cell, a type of neuron, or nerve cell, whose function is to translate neural signals into chemical stimuli.

39
Q

State hypothalamic hormone which controls secretion of LH/FSH?

A

GnRH Increases
- GnRH (Gonadotrophin releasing hormone )

40
Q

Resistance to vitamin D?

A

Rickets

41
Q

Lack of cortisol?

A

Addison’s disease

42
Q

Complete resistance to circulating androgens?

A

Testicular feminisaiton

Andorgens= Present in both males and females, the principle androgens are testosterone and androstenedion
- Androgens are hormones that display male traits

43
Q

State secretions of kidney?

A

Vit.D
EPO (erythropoietin)

44
Q

State secretions in Parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone

45
Q

Outline the pathway of how glands are affected by hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A
46
Q

State 4 disorders of the endocrine system?

A

Excess or deficiency
Impaired synthesis
Transport and metabolism of hormones
Resistance to hormone action

47
Q

State secretions of the bone?

A

Phosphate

48
Q

Describe the intracrine signalling mechanism

A

Conversion of an inactive hormone into an active one
that acts within the cell

49
Q

Describe the endocrine signalling mechanism

A

Hormones released by endo. cells into the general circulation (blood)
and acting on distant target sites

Endo (9 decks)

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