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Cardio= Clin Med > Overview of CVD > Flashcards

Overview of CVD Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital Heart Diseases (6)

A

Atrial septal defect, Coarctation of aorta, Patent ductus arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot, Ventricular septal defect

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2
Q

Conduction Disorders (8)

A

Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AV block, BBB, PSVT,

Premature beats, Sick sinus syndrome, Ventricular tachycardia, Ventricular fibrillation, Torsades de pointes

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3
Q

Valvular Diseases (7)

A

Aortic stenosis, Aortic regurgitation, Mitral stenosis, Mitral regurgitation, Mitral valve prolapse, Tricuspid stenosis, Tricuspid regurgitation, Pulmonary stenosis, Pulmonary regurgitation

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4
Q

Coronary Heart Disease (5)

A

Acute myocardial infarction, Non-ST segment elevation, ST segment , Angina

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5
Q

Vascular Disease (4)

A

Aortic disease, Arterial embolism, thrombosis, Giant cell arteritis,

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6
Q

Peripheral arterial disease(4)

A

Thrombophlebitis, Varicose veins, Venous insufficiency, Venous thrombosis

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7
Q

Inflammatory Diseases (5)

A

Endocarditis, Myocarditis, pericarditis, Cardiac tamponade, Pericardial effusion

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8
Q

Heart Failure

A

Left heart failure, right heart failure

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9
Q

HTN diseases

A

Essential, Secondary

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10
Q

CVD Epidemiology

A

CVD accounts for approx. 30% of deaths worldwide
80 mil with CVD
1 mil die each year (MC cause of death in adults from disease)
1/4 of them are sudden deaths
Diet
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION– Shifting due to post-industrial modernization (e.g., urbanization)
Change in job market
Change in living conditions
Change in medical interventions

In the US, death rates for CVD declined by 2/3 in the last 40 years
Why?
↓ presence and sequelae of infectious disease (ID)
↓ risk factors (e.g., smoking)
Improved interventions (e.g., ACEI)

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11
Q

Epidemiological Transformation

A

Shift in morbidity and mortality causes over last century on the basis of:

Reduction of pestilence and famine (people live longer)
Receding pandemics (people live longer)
Degenerative and human-made diseases
Longer lives result in greater degenerative body processes
Red meat diet, consumption of animal fats, tobacco use
Delayed degenerative disease
Healthier living delays disease onset and sequelae
Epidemic in inactivity and obesity
Post industrial
Reversal of improvements in morbidity and mortality

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12
Q

5 stages of Epidemiological Transition

A
  1. Pestilence &Famine
  2. <Pandemics
  3. Degenerative & human made disease
  4. Delayed degenerative diseases
  5. Inactivity & Obesity
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13
Q

Pestilence &Famine

A

<10%
Rheumatic heart disease
Cardiomyopathies
malnutrition & infectious diseases

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14
Q

<Pandemics

A

10-35%
Improvements in nutrition and public health lead to ↓ rates of deaths related to malnutrition and infection

Rheumatic valvular disease, HTN, CHD, Stroke

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15
Q

Degenerative & human made disease

A

35-65%
Increased fat & caloric intake coupled with inactivity = emergence of HTN & Atherosclerosis

Increased life expectancy = increased mortality from chronic, non-communicable diseases
CHD & Stroke (ischemic & hemorrhagic)

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16
Q

Delayed Degenerative Diseases

A

40-50%
Better prevention/treatment results in delayed deaths
CHD, Stroke, & CHF

17
Q

Inactivity and Obesity

A

CHD, Stroke, & CHF, PVD
Sedentary Lifestyle & Poor Diet

Results in ↑BMI (i.e., obesity)
Results in DM & HTN

Leveling off of smoking cessation rates

18
Q

Screening for CVD

A 
Family History
Psychiatric Illness
Review of Systems
Dietary lifestyle
Activity lifestyle
Tobacco Use
Alcohol Use
Drug Use
19
Q

Physical and Laboratory Screening for CVD

A

BMI (Obesity or Malnutrition)
BP (HTN)
Glucose and/or GlycoHgb (DM)
Lipids (Dyslipidemia)

20
Q

High Risk Individuals for CVD

A

Patients with HTN, DM, Dyslipidemia, Obesity, Psychiatric Illness, Family History

21
Q

poly-pill preventative regimen for CVD

A

ASA + Statin + Antihypertensive

22
Q

Red Flags for e- cig

A

Long term outcomes unknown
Addiction rates of e-cigarettes likely to be as high or higher than traditional cigarettes
Full contents not published by manufacturers
Per FDA studies, poor or non-existent quality control – products labeled as containing no nicotine contained nicotine
Use increasing dramatically in children & adolescents
Liquid nicotine is hazardous:

23
Q

BMP/ Chem 7

A 
Glucose 
Calcium
Sodium 
Potassium 
CO2 (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate) 
Chloride 
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) 
Creatinine
24
Q

CMP

A

The CMP includes BMP + Proteins and LFTs:
Albumin (small protein produced in liver)
(major protein in serum)
Total Protein (albumin+all other proteins)
ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
ALT (alanine amino transferase; SGPT)
AST (aspartate amino transferase; SGOT)
Bilirubin

25
Q

elevated homocysteine level is suggestive of:

A 
Aldosteronism
Cushings Disease
Hyperthyroidism
Hypertension
Peripheral Vascular Disease
26
Q

Homocysteine

A

homocysteine may be more reflective of presence of CV/PV disease than causal factor (i.e., prediction) of CV/PV disease

Use when strong FH of early-onset vascular disease
Also ↑ levels assoc. with B6, B12 or folate deficiency

27
Q

C- reactive Protein (CRP)

A

Used to indicate inflammatory illness; also used to predict risk of coronary events
higher the CRP the higher risk the CVD

28
Q

Tests that need to be fasting

A

Total Cholesterol (can be done independently)

Lipid Panel
TC
HDL
Triglycerides
LDL
29
Q

Tests used for Essential HTN

A

BMP vs. CMP, Lipids, screening TSH

UA

30
Q

Tests used for Secondary HTN

A

Primary vs. Secondary Hyperaldosteronism: Aldosterone and Renin Assay
Antimyocardial Ab
VMA and Catecholamines, Urinary
Cortisol, Urinary Free
Thyroid Condition: Thyroid Screening Panel (TSH, FT4, Total T3, FT3)
UA

31
Q

Vanillmandelic Acid (VMA) & Catecholamines (24 hour urine test)

A

Assessment for pheocromocytoma as cause of secondary HTN

also used in assessment for neuroblastoma and rare adrenal tumors

32
Q

Tests to assess for ischemia

A

Creatinine Kinase (CK)
Myoglobin
Troponins

33
Q

Tests for Congestive Heart Failure

A

BNP, CNP

Cardio= Clin Med (7 decks)

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