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Overview of breast cancer > Overview of breast cancer > Flashcards

Overview of breast cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer is the ….. leading cause of cancer in women

A

2nd

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2
Q

The majority of breast cancers originate in the cells that line the ducts and are called ………

A

ductal carcinoma

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3
Q

Minority of breast cancers begin in cells that line the lobules and are called ……….

A

lobular carcinoma

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4
Q

Many factors that influence risk for breast cancer are based on …………

A

hormones

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5
Q

……….. million new cases of breast cancer per year

A

1.67 million

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6
Q

Breast cancer is the ………. most leading cause of cancer death in women

A

2nd

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7
Q

Less than …….. % of breast cancers are in men

A

1%

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8
Q

5 year relative survival risk is ………. in developed countries

A

Higher

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9
Q

5 year relative survival rate for USA

A

89%

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10
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Switzerland

A

82%

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11
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Spain

A

80%

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12
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Algeria

A

38.8%

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13
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Brazil

A

36.6%

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14
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Gambia

A

12%

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15
Q

Biological risk factors (2)

A

postmenopausal / aging

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16
Q

Nutrition / Lifestyle risk factors (3)

A
  1. being overweight/obese after menopause
  2. physical inactivity
  3. consumption of 1 or more alcoholic beverages daily
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17
Q

Reproductive risk factors (3)

A
  1. long menstrual history
  2. having first child after age 30
  3. never having children
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18
Q

Hormonal risk factors (3)

A
  1. recent use of oral contraceptives
  2. use of menopausal HRT (especially estrog/prog. combo)
  3. high blood estrogens and or androgens after menopause
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19
Q

Other risk factors for breast cancer (8)

A
  • high breast tissue density
  • high dose radiation to the chest
  • Ashkenazi jewish heritage
  • person history (atypical hyperplasia)
  • previous history of breast cancer
  • biopsy confirmed hyperplasia
  • family history
  • mutation of genes
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20
Q

Factors that decrease breast cancer risk (3)

A
  1. breast feeding
  2. moderate or vigorous physical activity
  3. maintaining a healthy body weight
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21
Q

The majority of breast cancers have been linked to hormones and alterations in …………. and ……..

A

estrogen receptors / progesterone receptors

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22
Q

ER are detected in ………% - ………% of breast cancers

A

60%-80%

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23
Q

Breast cancer is a …………………… disease that is caused by the progressive accumulation of ……………….. …………

A

heterogeneous / genetic alterations

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24
Q

Majority of breast cancers develop ……………..

A

sporadically

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25
Familial breast cancer comprises approx. .....% of all breast cancers
20%
26
The 2 genes that account for approximately half of hereditary breast cancer....
BRCA1 and BRCA2
27
Mutation of BRCA1 and A2 significantly ..... risk for breast cancer with an .....% lifetime risk
increase / 85%
28
Normal BRCA1 / 2 act as .............. that facilitate..... repair
tumor suppressor genes / DNA
29
high risk breast cancer genes confer a ... to .... fold risk of developing breast cancer
8-10 fold
30
High risk genes (list)
TP53 / PTEN / STK11-LKB1 / CDH1
31
Moderate risk breast cancer genes confer a .... to .... fold risk
2-3 fold
32
Moderate risk genes (list)
CHECK2 / ATM / BRIP1 / PALB2
33
Low risk breast cancer genes confer a .... to .... fold risk
1.5 fold increased risk
34
Low risk breast cancer genes (list)
FGFR2 / TOX3 / LSP1 / TGFB1 / MAP3K1 / CASP9
35
Sporadic breast cancers are thought to be caused by the accumulation of numerous .............. .................
somatic mutations (noninherited)
36
Small number of somatic mutations drive cancer growth examples are .................. , ..................... and .............
1. cell cycle checkpoints 2. BRCA1/2 related DNA repair 3. HER2
37
Cancer starts with the accumulation of ....... and .......... changes in the cellular pathway
genetic and phenotypic
38
Typically invasive cancer is preceded by the ........... stage
preinvasive stage
39
Stages of breast cancer progression (8)
1. Mutations at cellular level 2. Hyperplasia 3. Atypical hyperplasia 4. Carcinoma in situ (noninvasive beast cancer) 5. Microinvasive carcinoma 6. Invasive carcinoma 7. Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) 8. Metastatic cancer (advanced)
40
Step 1. Mutations at the cellular leve
- progressive accumulation of genetic alterations
41
Step 2. Hyperplasia
- mildly increased risk | - benign overgrowth of epithelial cells in the lobes of ducts
42
Step 3. Atypical hyperplasia
- some lesions progress to breast cancer over yrs. 80% will not develop cancer - overgrowth of epithelial cells in ducts or lobes that have some characteristics of carcinoma in situ
43
Step 4. Carcinoma in situ (noninvasive breast cancer)
- proliferation of cancerous epithelial cells confined to ducts and lobes - wall of the duct
44
Step 5. Microinvasive carcinoma
- extension of cancer cell into surrounding tissue by no more than .1 cm
45
Step 6. Invasive carcinoma
- cancer cells infiltrate surrounding tissue
46
Step 7. Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC)
- primary tumor - cancer may have grown into the skin or muscle of the chest - cancer may have spread to: axillary lymph nodes / internal mammary lymph nodes
47
Step 8. Metastatic cancer (advanced)
- spread beyond breast and regional lymph nodes to other parts of the body - primary tumor - metastatic sites - brain, lung, liver, adrenal glands, bone
48
Sites that breast cancer spreads to
Brain, lung, liver, adrenal glands, bone
49
Most breast cancers occur in the ...... ...... quadrant
upper outer
50
2nd most common breast cancer site
underneath areola
51
most metastasis occur in the .....
axillary lymph nodes
52
interior or centrally located tumors may spread to .......
internal mammary lymph nodes
53
Level of risk with benign disorders (nonproliferative)
not increased 1.0 to 1.3
54
Level of risk with benign disorders (proliferative lesions without atypia)
mildly elevated risk 1.3-1.9
55
Level of risk with benign disorders (atypical hyperplasia)
elevated risk 4.1-5.3
56
Generally breast cancer is named based whether it originated in the .......... or ..........
ducts / lobes
57
Carcinoma in situ
- ductal carcinoma in situ | - lobular carcinoma in situ
58
Ductal carcinoma in situ
cancer is confined to the milk ducts
59
Lobular carcinoma in situ
cancer is confined to the lobes
60
Microinvasion
- earliest stage of invasive carcinoma | - cancer cells extend less than .1 cm into adjacent tissue
61
Invasive breast carcinomas
- infiltrate surrounding tissue - Main types: - invasive ductal carcinoma (80% of carcinomas) - invasive lobular carcinoma (10% of carcinomas) - Other types: tubular (1-2%), mucinous (1-2%), medullary (3-6%)
62
Locally advanced Breast Cancer (LABC)
may have grown into skin or muscle of chest. | spread to axillary and/or internal mammary nodes
63
Metastatic cancer
Spread....
64
Paget disease
nipple itching, burning, oozing, bleeding
65
Inflammatory breast cancer
aggressive type of locally advanced breast cancer. Has redness, warmth, enlargement and peau d'orange
66
Other types of cancer that affect the breast
- Primary breast lymphoma | - primary breast sarcomas

Overview of breast cancer (1 decks)

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