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Overview of breast cancer > Overview of breast cancer > Flashcards

Overview of breast cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer is the ….. leading cause of cancer in women

A

2nd

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2
Q

The majority of breast cancers originate in the cells that line the ducts and are called ………

A

ductal carcinoma

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3
Q

Minority of breast cancers begin in cells that line the lobules and are called ……….

A

lobular carcinoma

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4
Q

Many factors that influence risk for breast cancer are based on …………

A

hormones

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5
Q

……….. million new cases of breast cancer per year

A

1.67 million

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6
Q

Breast cancer is the ………. most leading cause of cancer death in women

A

2nd

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7
Q

Less than …….. % of breast cancers are in men

A

1%

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8
Q

5 year relative survival risk is ………. in developed countries

A

Higher

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9
Q

5 year relative survival rate for USA

A

89%

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10
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Switzerland

A

82%

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11
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Spain

A

80%

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12
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Algeria

A

38.8%

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13
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Brazil

A

36.6%

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14
Q

5 year relative survival rate in Gambia

A

12%

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15
Q

Biological risk factors (2)

A

postmenopausal / aging

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16
Q

Nutrition / Lifestyle risk factors (3)

A
  1. being overweight/obese after menopause
  2. physical inactivity
  3. consumption of 1 or more alcoholic beverages daily
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17
Q

Reproductive risk factors (3)

A
  1. long menstrual history
  2. having first child after age 30
  3. never having children
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18
Q

Hormonal risk factors (3)

A
  1. recent use of oral contraceptives
  2. use of menopausal HRT (especially estrog/prog. combo)
  3. high blood estrogens and or androgens after menopause
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19
Q

Other risk factors for breast cancer (8)

A
  • high breast tissue density
  • high dose radiation to the chest
  • Ashkenazi jewish heritage
  • person history (atypical hyperplasia)
  • previous history of breast cancer
  • biopsy confirmed hyperplasia
  • family history
  • mutation of genes
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20
Q

Factors that decrease breast cancer risk (3)

A
  1. breast feeding
  2. moderate or vigorous physical activity
  3. maintaining a healthy body weight
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21
Q

The majority of breast cancers have been linked to hormones and alterations in …………. and ……..

A

estrogen receptors / progesterone receptors

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22
Q

ER are detected in ………% - ………% of breast cancers

A

60%-80%

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23
Q

Breast cancer is a …………………… disease that is caused by the progressive accumulation of ……………….. …………

A

heterogeneous / genetic alterations

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24
Q

Majority of breast cancers develop ……………..

A

sporadically

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25
Q

Familial breast cancer comprises approx. …..% of all breast cancers

A

20%

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26
Q

The 2 genes that account for approximately half of hereditary breast cancer….

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

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27
Q

Mutation of BRCA1 and A2 significantly ….. risk for breast cancer with an …..% lifetime risk

A

increase / 85%

28
Q

Normal BRCA1 / 2 act as ………….. that facilitate….. repair

A

tumor suppressor genes / DNA

29
Q

high risk breast cancer genes confer a … to …. fold risk of developing breast cancer

A

8-10 fold

30
Q

High risk genes (list)

A

TP53 / PTEN / STK11-LKB1 / CDH1

31
Q

Moderate risk breast cancer genes confer a …. to …. fold risk

A

2-3 fold

32
Q

Moderate risk genes (list)

A

CHECK2 / ATM / BRIP1 / PALB2

33
Q

Low risk breast cancer genes confer a …. to …. fold risk

A

1.5 fold increased risk

34
Q

Low risk breast cancer genes (list)

A

FGFR2 / TOX3 / LSP1 / TGFB1 / MAP3K1 / CASP9

35
Q

Sporadic breast cancers are thought to be caused by the accumulation of numerous ………….. ……………..

A

somatic mutations (noninherited)

36
Q

Small number of somatic mutations drive cancer growth examples are ……………… , ………………… and ………….

A
  1. cell cycle checkpoints
  2. BRCA1/2 related DNA repair
  3. HER2
37
Q

Cancer starts with the accumulation of ……. and ………. changes in the cellular pathway

A

genetic and phenotypic

38
Q

Typically invasive cancer is preceded by the ……….. stage

A

preinvasive stage

39
Q

Stages of breast cancer progression (8)

A
  1. Mutations at cellular level
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Atypical hyperplasia
  4. Carcinoma in situ (noninvasive beast cancer)
  5. Microinvasive carcinoma
  6. Invasive carcinoma
  7. Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC)
  8. Metastatic cancer (advanced)
40
Q

Step 1. Mutations at the cellular leve

A
  • progressive accumulation of genetic alterations
41
Q

Step 2. Hyperplasia

A
  • mildly increased risk

- benign overgrowth of epithelial cells in the lobes of ducts

42
Q

Step 3. Atypical hyperplasia

A
  • some lesions progress to breast cancer over yrs. 80% will not develop cancer
  • overgrowth of epithelial cells in ducts or lobes that have some characteristics of carcinoma in situ
43
Q

Step 4. Carcinoma in situ (noninvasive breast cancer)

A
  • proliferation of cancerous epithelial cells confined to ducts and lobes
  • wall of the duct
44
Q

Step 5. Microinvasive carcinoma

A
  • extension of cancer cell into surrounding tissue by no more than .1 cm
45
Q

Step 6. Invasive carcinoma

A
  • cancer cells infiltrate surrounding tissue
46
Q

Step 7. Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC)

A
  • primary tumor
  • cancer may have grown into the skin or muscle of the chest
  • cancer may have spread to: axillary lymph nodes / internal mammary lymph nodes
47
Q

Step 8. Metastatic cancer (advanced)

A
  • spread beyond breast and regional lymph nodes to other parts of the body
  • primary tumor
  • metastatic sites - brain, lung, liver, adrenal glands, bone
48
Q

Sites that breast cancer spreads to

A

Brain, lung, liver, adrenal glands, bone

49
Q

Most breast cancers occur in the …… …… quadrant

A

upper outer

50
Q

2nd most common breast cancer site

A

underneath areola

51
Q

most metastasis occur in the …..

A

axillary lymph nodes

52
Q

interior or centrally located tumors may spread to …….

A

internal mammary lymph nodes

53
Q

Level of risk with benign disorders (nonproliferative)

A

not increased 1.0 to 1.3

54
Q

Level of risk with benign disorders (proliferative lesions without atypia)

A

mildly elevated risk 1.3-1.9

55
Q

Level of risk with benign disorders (atypical hyperplasia)

A

elevated risk 4.1-5.3

56
Q

Generally breast cancer is named based whether it originated in the ………. or ……….

A

ducts / lobes

57
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A
  • ductal carcinoma in situ

- lobular carcinoma in situ

58
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

cancer is confined to the milk ducts

59
Q

Lobular carcinoma in situ

A

cancer is confined to the lobes

60
Q

Microinvasion

A
  • earliest stage of invasive carcinoma

- cancer cells extend less than .1 cm into adjacent tissue

61
Q

Invasive breast carcinomas

A
  • infiltrate surrounding tissue
  • Main types:
    - invasive ductal carcinoma (80% of carcinomas)
    - invasive lobular carcinoma (10% of carcinomas)
  • Other types: tubular (1-2%), mucinous (1-2%), medullary (3-6%)
62
Q

Locally advanced Breast Cancer (LABC)

A

may have grown into skin or muscle of chest.

spread to axillary and/or internal mammary nodes

63
Q

Metastatic cancer

A

Spread….

64
Q

Paget disease

A

nipple itching, burning, oozing, bleeding

65
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A

aggressive type of locally advanced breast cancer. Has redness, warmth, enlargement and peau d’orange

66
Q

Other types of cancer that affect the breast

A
  • Primary breast lymphoma

- primary breast sarcomas

Overview of breast cancer (1 decks)

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