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Phys-Pro - Section 1 > Overview of Bacterial cells > Flashcards

Overview of Bacterial cells Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of surface appendages

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Flagella
  3. Pili
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2
Q

Extracellular components

A

Toxins, enzymes, acids etc.

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3
Q

Gram stain: Gram negative

A

Due to the thin cell wall and outer membrane, crystal violet/iodine complex is washed out during decolourization

Pink dyed stain due to counterstain with safranin

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4
Q

Gram stain: gram positive

A

Thick cell wall traps crystal violet/iodine complex during decolourization, resulting in a purple stain

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5
Q

Capsule: composition

A

Slime layer or glycocalyx

Made of carbohydrates
-except for the capsule of Bacillus anthracis which is a polypeptide

Not all bacteria will make them

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6
Q

Capsule: 6 functions

A
  1. Mediate adherence
  2. Constitute biofilm matrix
  3. Protect from phagocytosis
  4. Refractory to antibiotics
  5. Resist drying
  6. Nutrient reservoir
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7
Q

Flagella

A

Also called H antigen

Long threadlike proteinaceous structures

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8
Q

3 parts of the flagellum

A

Basal body, hook, filament

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9
Q

Monotrichous

A

Single flagellum at one end

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10
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Cluster of multiple flagella at one end

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11
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Single or multiple flagella at both ends

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12
Q

Peritichous

A

covered with flagella

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13
Q

Pili/Fimbriae

A

Fine hair like structures composed of proteins

Some can be receptors for bacteriophages

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14
Q

Somatic pili role

A

Mediate adherence and biofilm formation

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15
Q

Sex/F pili role

A

Mediate conjugation

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16
Q

Cell Wall: function

A
  1. Provide rigidity

2. Act as a physical barrier to hazardous agents

17
Q

Gram pos. cell wall

A

single, uniform, and thick (15-80 nm) layer of peptidoglycan

-highly crosslinked polymer of NAG and NAM

18
Q

Gram neg. cell wall

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane

-periplasm is the space between the two

19
Q

Mycobacteria cell wall

A

Contains a layer of mycolic acids and arabinogalactan in addition to peptidoglycan

*mycobacteria are technically G+

Makes mycobacteria resistant to most conventional antibiotics

20
Q

Mycoplasma lack ___?

A

A cell wall

21
Q

Peptidoglycan composition

A

Consists of repeating units
of a N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & a N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) forming the glycan chains

Chains are cross-linked by short peptides

22
Q

Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids : composition

A

Unique to gram + bacteria

Linear polymers of glycerol or ribotol with phosphates

TA covalently linked to peptidoglycan

LTA contain FA chains, allowing molecules to anchor to cell membrane

23
Q

TA and LTA: function

A

Provide negative charges and hydrophobic sites for adherence

Act as a bacterial surface antigenic determinants
-recognized by immune cells

24
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS): location

A

Unique to gram negative bacteria
-on outer leaflet of the outer membrane

also referred to as endotoxin

25
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS): Composition

A

has 3 parts

  • lipid A
  • core plysaccharide
  • o-antigen (polysacchatide)
26
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS): function

A

Responsible for a broad spectrum of pathophysiological effect such as inflammation and shock

27
Q

Porins

A

Located in the outer membrane of gram - bacteria and allow small hydrophilic molecules the enter the cell
-ie. AA and antibiotics

28
Q

Cytoplasmic inner membrane: composition

A

Phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins

29
Q

Cytoplasmic inner membrane: functions

A
  1. Nutrient uptake
  2. Ultimate barrier to hostile agents
  3. Site of electron transport chain
30
Q

Cytoplasmic contents

A

DNA, ribosomes, proteins, ions

Inclusion bodies

Endospores

Membrane invaginations (like photosynthetic structures)

Gas vacuoles

31
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Very useful to humans

-can be used in an industrial setting to decompose plastic bags (as an example)

32
Q

Endospores

A

harmless until they germinate, endospores are involved in a number of diseases in humans, such as tetanus (lockjaw) and gas gangrene.

33
Q

5 examples of extracellular products

A

Toxins, enzymes, acids, solvents, antibiotics

Phys-Pro - Section 1 (8 decks)

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