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Introduction To Microbiology & Immuniology > Overview Microbiology > Flashcards

Overview Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Study of microorganisms or minute living bodies not perceptible to the naked eye.

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2
Q

What are the microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa Rickettsiae, Algae

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3
Q

Robert Hooke 1665

A

An English man
.1st to report on cell theory - that all living things are composed of cells

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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic functional unit of all living organisms. The human body is made up of 50-100 trillion cells. Cells combine to form tissue & organs. The cell contains the genetic material, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid.)

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5
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1673

A

A Dutch scientist
. 1st to observe and record Bacteria & Protozoa;

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6
Q

Protozoa

A

One-celled animal

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7
Q

Edward Jenner 1798

A

English physician
- Developed the 1st vaccine against smallpox

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8
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis 1840

A

Advocated frequent hand washing between treatment of patients to prevent the spread of infection

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9
Q

Louis Pasteur 1857

A

Discovered that heating can kill bacteria (pasteurization)

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10
Q

Joseph Lister (1860)

A

English surgeon
. 1st to advocate aseptic technique to be used in the operating room
. Used phenol as an antiseptic agent

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11
Q

Robert Koch 1876

A

German physician, proved that bacteria are the cause of disease
. Discovered the organisms causing tuberculosis, anthrax and cholera
. Developed techniques to culture bacteria
. Urged the sterilization of surgical instruments using heat

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12
Q

Hans Gram 1884

A

Danish physician, developed the Gram staining method that differentiates between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

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13
Q

Microscopy

A

The use of light to magnify objects

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14
Q

Microscope

A

Is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye

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15
Q

Simple Microscope

A

With a single magnifying lens, capable of approximately 300x magnification

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16
Q

Compound Microscope

A

Uses a series of lenses for greater magnification; can magnify 1,000-2,000x

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17
Q

Dark Field Microscope

A

Useful for examining pale or colorless cells; specimen appears light against a dark ground

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18
Q

Fluorescent Microscope

A

Uses UV light to fluoresce objects

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19
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Can magnify objects 10,000-100,000x

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20
Q

What are the differences in Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells?

A

. Presence of membrane-bound compartments (such as the nucleus) in eukaryotes
. Prokaryotes - less complex organisms ex. Bacteria
. Eukaryotes - more complex organisms ex. Plant & Animal cells, Protozoa, fungi, algae, human cells

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21
Q

Eukaryotic - Structure

A
  1. Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) - the thin membrane that forms the outer boundary of the cell
  2. Nucleus - the membrane-bound structure inside the cell that contains the genetic material DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  3. Cytoplasm - the gel-like living fluid in the cell between the cell membrane & nucleus
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22
Q

What contains organelles & define each organelle

A

The cytoplasm
1. Ribosomes- tiny particles that serve as “protein factories” of the cell making enzymes & other protein compounds
2. Mitochondria- “power plant” of the cell containing enzymes and substances whose reactions release energy to recharge the cells “battery” - the ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
3. Lysosomes - the “digestive bags” of the cell containing enzymes that break apart large food molecules through hydrolysis. Lysosomes digest & destroy microbes that invade the cell.
4. Centrioles- are paired rod-shaped structures that play an important role for moving the chromosomes during cell division.

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23
Q

Eukaryotic- Cell Membrane

A

The cell membrane is the gateway of the cell that controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell.
. Proteins - in the cell membrane act as receptors that “communicate” chemical messages from hormones that influence the function of the cell
. Carbohydrate - chains on the membrane play a part in identification of the cell as specifically belonging to an individual. This is used during tissuetyping prior to organ transplant.

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24
Q

Eukaryotic- Nucleus

A

A small spherical structure in the central portion of the cell that is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.
. It is the cell’s command center that controls every organelle in the cytoplasm
. It contains the genetic material, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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25
Q

Eukaryotic- Cell Extension

A
  1. Microvilli- are small finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase the absorptive capacity of the cell. Ex. Intestinal microvilli
  2. Cilia - are extremely fine hair-like extensions on the exposed surface of the cell serving as “antennae” for the cell to sense its surroundings. Ex. Cilia in taste buds
    Some cilia are capable of moving as a group in one direction to propel mucus ex. Cilia in respiratory tubes
  3. Flagellum- is a single, long projection of the cell used for movement ex. Flagellum of the sperm
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26
Q

Prokaryotes- Structure 6 total

A

No true nucleus (not enclosed within a membrane)
1. Bacterial Cell Wall
2. Cell Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane
3. Capsule & Slime Layer
4. Cytoplasm
5. Flagella
6. Pili

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27
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Rigid, gives shape to the cell, forms a physical barrier to the outside of the cell

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28
Q

Cell Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

Lies immediately within the cell wall
. Selectively permeable, involved in cellular respiration
. Secretes bacterial toxins

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29
Q

Capsule & Slime Layer + Function

A

Sugar coat (polysaccharides) that surrounds the cell wall
. Capsule - strongly attached to the cell wall
. Slime Layer - loosely attached to the cell wall

Functions of both:
1. Protect the bacteria against desiccation & environment toxins
2. Provide ability of bacteria to move on solid surfaces
3. Allow bacteria to anchor on surface of mucous membrane & teeth

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30
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gelatinous material contained within the cell membrane
. Contains materials necessary for cell metabolism- water, nutrients, proteins, enzymes - as well as waste products

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31
Q

Flagella

A

Long, snake-like appendage that allows bacteria to move about its environment
. Typically found in rod-shaped GRAM Negative bacteria

Salmonella organisms with flagella

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32
Q

Pili + Functions

A

Hair-like structures typically found in GRAM Negative bacteria

Functions:
1. Site of attachment for particular types of bacteria
2. Venue to transfer genetic material to another cell
3. Provide bacteria like ability to attach to other bacteria or surfaces such as lining of intestine
E.Coli organisms with pili

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33
Q

Endospores

A

. Stable resting stages that barely metabolize and germinate only when conditions improve
. Organisms (bacteria) convert into endospores when environmental conditions are unfriendly to survival
. A means of bacterial survival wherein the genetic material of the cell is enclosed in several protein coats that are resistant to heat, dry conditions and many chemicals

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34
Q

Vegetative Cells

A

Cells that are actively growing

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35
Q

Binary Fission

A

A cell dividing into 2 daughter cells as a way of reproduction

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36
Q

Transport Across Cell Membrane

A

Movement of substances in and out of the cell membrane is accomplished through 2 transport processes:
1. Passive transport- involves the movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration. No cellular energy is required
2. Active transport- involves the movement of substances from a low concentration to a high concentration therefore, cellular energy from ATP is required. Active transport occurs only through living membrane

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37
Q

Principles in Passive Transport Processes. 3 total

A
  1. Diffusion- requires big pores for the particles to pass through the cell membrane. Solute as well as water both move from high to low concentration to achieve equilibrium.
  2. Osmosis- is the diffusion of water (only) through selectively permeable membrane that does not allow solutes to pass through
  3. Filtration- requires the force of hydrostatic pressure gradient that allows water and diffusible solutes to filter out from the solution with higher hydrostatic pressure to the solution with lower hydrostatic pressure
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38
Q

Diffusion

A

requires big pores for the particles to pass through the cell membrane. Solute as well as water both move from high to low concentration to achieve equilibrium.

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39
Q

Osmosis

A

is the diffusion of water (only) through selectively permeable membrane that does not allow solutes to pass through

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40
Q

Filtration

A

requires the force of hydrostatic pressure gradient that allows water and diffusible solutes to filter out from the solution with higher hydrostatic pressure to the solution with lower hydrostatic pressure

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41
Q

Principles in Active Transport Processes:

A

Ex. Ion pump, phagocytosis, pinocytosis-movement of substances against a concentration gradient
1. Ion pumps are carriers that move ions against concentration gradients. Pumps may be particular to one ion or may be “couples” to pump 2 ions simultaneously (ex. Na+/k+ pump)
2. Large particles are engulfed during phagocytosis, whereas fluid and dissolved substances are brought into the cell in pinocytosis

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42
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which a cell directs the contents of vesicles out of the cell membrane & into the extracellular space

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43
Q

Autotrophic

A

Self nourishing, acquire food from inorganic matter (carbon dioxide)
Ex. Plants, non-pathogenic bacteria

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44
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Cannot make its own food
-acquire food from living or dead organic matter
Ex. Humans, animals, pathogenic bacteria

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45
Q

What is Symbiosis & examples of it?

A

A relationship between 2 organisms that have close contact with each other; the relationship may be beneficial, harmful or neutral.
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
4. Pathogenic
5. Antibiosis
6. Neutralism (Independence)

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46
Q
  1. Mutualism
A

A close relationship beneficial to both organisms
Ex. Oxpecker feeds on ticks on zebras skin; bird gets food & zebra is provided pest control

Escherichia Coli in human intestines obtain nutrients from the food humans eat. Consequently, it produces Vitamin K that is necessary for blood clotting.

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47
Q
  1. Commensalism
A

A relationship between 2 organisms in which 1 organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed.
ex. Remora gosh & shark. The remora fish feeds in the remains of the sharks food; the shark is not harmed
Ex. Natural bacteria in our skin are provided with a home, yet are not harmful to humans

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48
Q
  1. Parasitism
A

One organism is harmed by the presence of the other organism
Ex. Relationship between man & helminths (parasitic intestinal worms)

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49
Q
  1. Pathogenic
A

One organism is capable of causing disease in the other.
Pathogen- a disease- causing microorganism
Ex. Streptococcus causes tonsillitis

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50
Q
  1. Antibiosis
A

One organism produces substances or causes conditions which are lethal for other organisms
Ex. Relationship between human beings & pathogens that can cause death
Ex. Pseudomonas infection can cause death

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51
Q
  1. Neutralism (Independence)
A

No organism benefits or is harmed by the relationship
Ex. Relationship between zebras & wildebeests

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52
Q

Normal Flora

A

Organisms that normally live in and on the bodies of healthy persons without causing harm.
. Potentially pathogenic as they can cause disease if the hosts defenses are lowered or they can enter through surgical wounds to cause disease

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53
Q

Staphylococcus (Flora)

A

Skin & hair

54
Q

Escherichia Coli (Flora)

A

Intestinal tract

55
Q

Staining methods

A

Most microorganisms are colorless and difficult to view under the microscope. Stains (dyes) are used to make organisms and their parts more visible:
1. Simple Stain
2. Gram Stain
3. Acid-Fast Stain
4. Endospore Stain
5. Capsule Stain

56
Q

Simple Stain

A

. Sufficient to know the shape and basic structures of bacteria
. Dye is applied to a fixed smear, rinsed with water, dried and placed under the microscope for viewing

57
Q

Gram Stain

A

. Laboratory technique used to identify bacteria by staining with violet dye/stain and then counter staining with a red dye/stain

58
Q

What is classified as Gram Positive

A

If bacteria turns a bluish color
Examples: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium

59
Q

What is classified as Gram Negative

A

If bacteria turned a reddish color.

Examples: Salmonella, Hemophilus, Pseudomonas

60
Q

Acid-Fast Stain

A

. Acid fast stain binds only to bacteria that have a waxy chemical material in their cell wall (Mycobacterium – organism causing tuberculosis and leprosy).
. Acid Fast Bacteria are visualized as red organisms in a sputum specimen obtained from a patient that is positive for tuberculosis

61
Q

Mycobacterium

A

organism causing tuberculosis and leprosy

62
Q

Endospore Stain

A

Endospores cannot be stained by ordinary staining procedures because their walls are impermeable to all chemicals
- this procedure uses heat and malachite green stain to see the spores

63
Q

Capsule Stain

A

. Stains the background leaving the cells colorless.
. Encapsulated cells appear to have a halo surrounding them.

64
Q

Culturing Microorganisms

A

. A sample called inoculum is introduced into a collection of nutrients called a medium
Ex. of inoculum: saliva, blood, urine
. Cultures can be grown in liquid media or solid media
. Microorganisms that grow in solid media are called colonies

65
Q

Culture

A

the act of cultivating or growing microorganisms as a step in diagnosing diseases

66
Q

Microorganisms that grow in solid media are called?

A

colonies

67
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of classifying and naming organisms

68
Q

Explain Taxonomic Hierarchy & what mnemonic is used to remember it?

A

a system of subdivisions of all living organisms

“Did King Philip Come Over For Great Soup”

69
Q

The mnemonic “Did King Philip Come Over For Great Soup” means what?

From the bottom

A
  1. Species – basic grouping unit of living organisms closely related organisms that interbreed
  2. Genus – made up of species that are related by descent but differ from each other in particular ways
  3. Family - group of related genera (plural of genus)
  4. Order - a group of families
  5. Class – a group of orders
  6. Phylum/Division - a group of classes
  7. Kingdom - a group of divisions
  8. Domain - largest taxonomic group
    • composed of bacteria, archaea and eukarya
70
Q

Classification of Human Taxonomy

A

Biota[all life on Earth, including precellular life]
. Domain -Eukarya(eukaryotes)
. Kingdom -Animalia
. Phylum -Chordata (with spinal cord)
. Class -Mammalia (all mammals)
. Order -Primates (apes, monkeys)
. Family -Hominidae (great apes)
. Genus -Homo(humans -specific and specialized development of memory/learning/teaching/learning application)
. Species -Homo sapiens[further development and specialization of learning application; active environment transformation, acclimatization and control; infrastructures and advanced technology]

71
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A

. One-celled, simple organisms
. Reproduce by binary fission or asexual reproduction (simple division that results in 2 cells)
. Identified by the shape of their colonies
. 100 species produce disease in man

72
Q

Classification of Bacteria According to the Use of Oxygen. 4 total

A
  1. Aerobic
  2. Anaerobic
  3. Facultative anaerobic
  4. Microaerophilic
73
Q
  1. Aerobic
A

needs oxygen to survive and reproduce
Example: Streptococcus

74
Q
  1. Anaerobic
A

does not need oxygen to survive and reproduce
Example: Tetanus organism

75
Q
  1. Facultative anaerobic
A

prefers to live without oxygen but can live with oxygen
Example: Staphylococcus

76
Q
  1. Microaerophilic
A

requires oxygen less than that in the atmosphere
Example: Helicobacter pylori

77
Q

Classification of Bacteria According to Ability to Cause Disease in Man. 2 total

A

. Pathogenic – produces toxins which cause disease
Examples: Tuberculosis, Gonorrhea, Syphilis

. Nonpathogenic - does not cause disease
Examples: bacteria in large intestines

78
Q

Types of Bacteria According to Shape. 5 total

A
  1. Coccus – spherical or round-shaped
    Ex. Staphylococcus aureus – skin infections
    Streptococcus pyogenes – throat infection
  2. Bacillus – cylindrical or rod-shaped
    Ex. Salmonella typhi – typhoid fever
    Escherichia coli – UTI, gastroenteritis
  3. Vibrio – comma-shaped
    Ex. Vibrio cholerae – cholera
  4. Spirochete – long, flexible, spiral, motile
    Ex. Treponema pallidum – syphilis
  5. Spirilla – long, spiral with rigid cell walls, curved
    Ex. Spirillum minus – rat bite fever
79
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

skin infections

80
Q

Define Streptococcus pyogenes and what is is an example of?

A

throat infection

Is an example of Coccus

81
Q

Define Salmonella typhi and what is is an example of?

A

typhoid fever

Is an example of Bacillus

82
Q

Define Escherichia coli and what is is an example of?

A

UTI, gastroenteritis

Is an example of Bacillus

83
Q

Define Vibrio cholerae and what is is an example of?

A

cholera

“Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the toxigenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.”

Is an example of Vibrio.

84
Q

Define Treponema pallidum and what is it an example of?

A

syphilis

“Treponema pallidum, formerly known as Spirochaeta pallida, is a microaerophilic spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel (also known as endemic syphilis), and yaws. It is transmitted only among humans.”

Is an example of Spirochete

85
Q

Define Spirillum minus and what is is an example of?

A

rat bite fever.
Is an example of Spirillia

86
Q

Types of Bacteria According to Arrangement. Total 3

A
  1. Diplococci – arranged in pairs
    Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea
  2. Streptococci – arranged in chains
    Example: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes
  3. Staphylococci – arranged in grape-like clusters
    Example: Staphylococcus aureus
87
Q

Growth Requirements of Bacteria

A

. Moisture – drying kills some bacteria
. Food – autotrophic or heterotrophic
. Oxygen or Lack of Oxygen –aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic
. Moderate Temperature – high heat kills most bacteria, freezing slows down growth (most pathogens survive within the range of normal temperature in man)
. Neutral pH – acid and alkaline pH is harmful to bacteria; most bacteria grow on neutral pH or slightly alkaline (most pathogens survive within the range of normal pH in man)
. Darkness – most bacteria are killed by direct sunlight

88
Q

Pathogenicity

A

– the ability of an organism to gain entry into the host and cause disease

89
Q

Specialized Bacterial Structures Related to Pathogenicity*

A
  1. Endospores
  2. Capsules
  3. Flagella
90
Q
  1. Endospores
A

. Round structures of condensed protoplasm (with bacterial DNA) formed within the bacterial cell
. Inactive, dormant forms that can resist drying, boiling, chemical disinfectants, allowing the organism to survive for a long time
. Destroyed ONLY by autoclaving

91
Q
  1. Capsules
A

. Layers that surround many bacterial cells
. May be used for identification of bacteria
. Interferes with phagocytosis; increases virulence or strength of bacteria

92
Q
  1. Flagella
A

. whip-like processes found in some bacilli and spirilla
. Helps in identification of bacteria
. Allows bacteria to move in liquid by their wavelike rhythmic contractions

93
Q

Toxins Produced by Bacteria

A

Endotoxin & Exotoxin

94
Q

Endotoxin

A

. Less potent
. Contained inside bacterial cell wall
. Released when the bacteria dies and disintegrates
. Salmonella, Shigella

95
Q

Exotoxin

A

. Most potent toxins known
. Diffuse out of intact bacterial cells into the surrounding tissue
. Tetanus, diphtheria

96
Q

Biofilm

A

. A community of microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi, which are attached to a surface
. Creates a slimy surface when left in water
. Associated with use of medical devices or implants
. Formation involves bacterial attachment, colonization and growth
. The microorganisms are encased in a support matrix, made up of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and other organic molecules
. CDC estimates that ~70% of bacterial diseases in industrialized countries are caused by biofilms

97
Q

Fungi

A

. Unicellular or multicellular simple plant life
. Some are normally found in and on the body
. Extracts nutrition from an external source, no chlorophyll
. Include yeasts (unicellular) and molds (multicellular) that can infect human beings
. Fungal infection (mycosis) may result from prolonged use of antibiotics or from immunosuppression

98
Q

Fungi -Yeasts

A

. Unicellular organisms that reproduce by budding
. Some are used commercially in preparing beer, wine and bread
. Common yeast infections (Candida albicans)
Thrush – infects mucous membrane of the mouth
Vulvovaginitis – infection of female genitalia

99
Q

Thrush (yeast infections)

A

Infects mucous membrane of the mouth

100
Q

Vulvovaginitis (yeast infections)

A

infection of female genitalia

101
Q

Molds

A

. Multicellular microorganisms that reproduce by spore-formation
. Some may be seen on food (bread, cheese)

. Common mold mycosis:
Tinea capitis – ringworm of the scalp
Tinea pedis – athlete’s foot

102
Q

Tinea capitis (mold mycosis)

A

ringworm of the scalp

103
Q

Tinea pedis (mold mycosis)

A

athlete’s foot

104
Q

Algae

A

. Unicellular or multicellular simple plant life
. Can produce its own food in the presence of light; has chlorophyll
. Infections are rare and occur in breaks in skin or after surgery

105
Q

Protozoa

A

. Unicellular, simple forms of animal life, live in water and soil
. Motile using pseudopods, flagella or cilia
. Reproduce sexually or asexually by fission
. May form CYSTS ( young, inactive form surrounded by capsule)
. Transmitted through contaminated food and/or water

106
Q

Protozoan Diseases

A

. Amebic Dysentery – caused by Entamoeba Histolytica
- from intake of contaminated food/water
- manifests as bloody mucoid diarrhea

. Malaria – caused by Plasmodium specie
-Transmitted through the bite of a vector-mosquito, the Anopheles mosquito, from contaminated blood transfusion or use of contaminated hypodermic needles
- characterized by fever, chills

. Giardiasis – Giardia Lamblia from intake of contaminated water
- presents as diarrhea, abdominal discomfort

. Trichomonas – Trichomonas Vaginalis is transmitted sexually, through contaminated douche equipment/examination instruments/towels
- produces profuse, cream-colored, foul-smelling vaginal discharge

107
Q

Amebic Dysentery

A

caused by Entamoeba Histolytica
- from intake of contaminated food/water
- manifests as bloody mucoid diarrhea

.

108
Q

Malaria

A

caused by Plasmodium specie
-Transmitted through the bite of a vector-mosquito, the Anopheles mosquito, from contaminated blood transfusion or use of contaminated hypodermic needles
- characterized by fever, chills

109
Q

Giardiasis

A

Giardia Lamblia from intake of contaminated water
- presents as diarrhea, abdominal discomfort

110
Q

Trichomonas

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis is transmitted sexually, through contaminated douche equipment/examination instruments/towels
- produces profuse, cream-colored, foul-smelling vaginal discharge

111
Q

Helminths (Worms)

A

. Multicellular animal parasites transmitted through intake of contaminated food/drink or intake of uncooked meat/fish
. Inhabits specific body sites
. May have several stages of life: eggs, larvae, adult stages

112
Q

Common Helminths that are Parasites in Man

A

. Roundworms
. Pinworms
. Hookworms
. Trichinellae
. Flatworms (Flukes and Tapeworms)

113
Q

Rickettsia

A

. Rickettsia is a group of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-spore forming intracellular bacteria

. Rickettsia species are carried by many ticks, fleas, and lice, and cause diseases in humans such as typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

114
Q

Viruses

A

. Smallest but highly complex organisms that survive and reproduce only inside living cells (intracellular parasites)
. Can infect all organisms – plants, animals, man, bacteria
. Consist of DNA or RNA strands
. Some can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact and even through the placenta
. Can become dormant, show no signs of infection until years later

115
Q

Virion

A

Virion – a virus outside of a cell
. Consists of the DNA or RNA strand and a protective protein coat

116
Q

Lysogenic Cycle (Virus)

A

As the virus infect the host cell, it mixes with (modifies) the genetic material of the host, remains latent and is transferred to the individual daughter cells as the host cell divides

117
Q

Lytic Cycle (Virus)

A

When the genetic material of the virus takes over the host cell and begins producing virions

118
Q

Bacteriophage

A

. Viruses that invade and replicate within bacteria
Ex: Staphylophages - specific viruses of the staphylococcal bacteria
Coliphages - specifically infect coliform (bacilli) bacteria
. Do not target human cells
. Used as models for the study of viral infectious mechanisms in laboratories




119
Q

staphylophages

A

specific viruses of the staphylococcal bacteria

120
Q

Coliphages

A

specifically infect coliform (bacilli) bacteria

121
Q

Virus and Interferon

A

Interferon - part of body’s defense against a viral infection

Protein produced by normal body cell that is being attacked by a virus

Blocks the effect of the virus

122
Q

Types of Viral Diseases

A
  1. Dermotrophic – viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membrane
  2. Pnemotrophic – viral infection that affects the respiratory tract
  3. Neurotrophic – viral infection affecting the nervous system
  4. Viscerotrophic – viral infection affecting a specific organ
  5. Immunotrophic – viral infection that affects the immune system
123
Q
  1. Dermotrophic
A

viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membrane
. Variola – smallpox
. Varicella – chicken pox, shingles (Herpes zoster)
. Rubeola – measles
. Rubella – German measles
. Herpes simplex – cold sores/ fever blisters

124
Q
  1. Pnemotrophic
A

viral infection that affects the respiratory tract
- Common cold – coryza
- Influenza
- Viral pneumonia

125
Q
  1. Neurotrophic
A

viral infection affecting the nervous system
- Poliomyelitis
- Rabies
- Encephalitis

126
Q
  1. Viscerotrophic
A

viral infection affecting a specific organ
. Mumps – salivary gland
. Viral hepatitis – liver

127
Q
  1. Immunotrophic
A

viral infection that affects the immune system
. HIV-AIDS

128
Q

Virus and Cancer

A

Viruses – can initiate cancer development by:
1. suppressing the host’simmune system
2. altering hostgenes

Examples:
. Epstein-Barr Virus – Burkitt’s lymphoma
. Hepatitis B Virus – liver cancer (Hepatoma)
. Human papilloma virus – cervical cancer

129
Q

Healthcare Concerns

A

. Surgical Technologists are often exposed to deadly viruses in the operating room (Hepatitis B, HIV)
. CDC standard precautions must be observed to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens
. Each patient must be considered capable of infecting the health care provider with blood-borne disease
. STs must likewise be aware that they can pass on a viral infection to patients

130
Q

Candida albicans

A

Common yeast infection

Introduction To Microbiology & Immuniology (3 decks)

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