Overview And Imaging

Question 1

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys take up on their own?

Answer 1

Approx 22%

Question 2

At what vertebral levels do the kidneys lay?

Answer 2

T11-L3

Question 3

Which kidney lays most superior?

Answer 3

Left kidney

Right pushed inferiorly by the liver

Question 4

What are the 2 layers of kidney parenchyma?

Answer 4

Cortex

Medulla

Question 5

Approx how many litres of water are there in a 70kg man?

Answer 5

42 litres

Question 6

What is the percentage total body water for a 70kg man, a woman and a baby?

Answer 6

Man = 60%
Woman = 50%
Baby = 80%

Question 7

How much of the total body water is ICF?

Answer 7

Approx 28 litres

Question 8

How much of the total body water is ECF?

Answer 8

Approx 14 litres

Question 9

How much of the total body water is plasma?

Answer 9

Approx 3 litres

Question 10

Define osmolality

Answer 10

Solute per kg of solvent

Question 11

Define osmolarity

Answer 11

Number of osmoles per litre

Question 12

When we physically measure something is it in osmolarity or osmolality?

Answer 12

Osmolality

Question 13

How much do the kidneys filter per day?

Answer 13

180 litres per day.

Question 14

How much urine is produced per day?

Answer 14

Approx 1.5 litres

Question 15

Approximately how many nephrons are there per kidney?

Answer 15

1.5 million

Question 16

Define epithelia

Answer 16

Continuous sheets of cells covering the exposed surfaces and lining internal surfaces

Question 17

What is the average blood flow to the kidneys?

Answer 17

4 ml/g/min

Question 18

What is the average GFR?

Answer 18

125 ml/min

Question 19

Approx how much Na+ and water is reabsorbed in the PCT?

Answer 19

60-70%

Question 20

Na+-K+-ATPase is located on which membrane in the kidneys?

Answer 20

Basolateral membrane

Question 21

What does the Na/K ATPase pump move?

Answer 21

3 Na+ out of the cell

2 K+ into the cell

Question 22

Which part of the kidney do we have control over?

Answer 22

DCT

Question 23

Why can x-rays be used for renal stones?

Answer 23

Stones are made of calcium oxalate which is very dense

Question 24

Describe an intravenous urogram (IVU)

Answer 24

Plain radiograph with contrast injected into the blood
Good for viewing the collecting system - see how the contrast travels by taking x-rays at different times
Nowadays we tend to use CT/MRI

Question 25

What are the 3 places where the ureter narrows?

Answer 25

Junction of renal pelvis and ureter
Crossing the pelvic brim
Piercing the bladder wall

Question 26

How does ultrasound work?

Answer 26

Uses reflections of sound waves

Question 27

Why is ultrasound a good option?

Answer 27

Non-ionising radiation therefore can be used on children and pregnant women without risk
Accessible and cheap

Question 28

Describe computed tomography (CT)

Answer 28

Cross sectional images taken via x-rays

High dose of radiation

Question 29

Why might we choose CT over MRI?

Answer 29

Better resolution
Quicker
Cheaper

Question 30

How can we tell if there is an area of infection?

Answer 30

These areas do not take up contrast as well

Question 31

Describe an MRI

Answer 31

Enter a tunnel that uses magnetic fields to give us cross sectional images
Non-ionising radiation

Question 32

What is nuclear medicine?

Answer 32

Giving a person a radioactive isotope (blood) and using ionising radiation to image it

Question 33

What is nuclear medicine good for?

Answer 33

Giving us functional information (renal function and obstruction)
Not good for anatomy

Question 34

What pain is classic for renal stones?

Answer 34

Loin to groin