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BIO 373 > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Parietal Cells

A 
Secrete:
-Gastric acid
- intrinsic factor
Stimulated by:
- acetylcholine
- Gastrin
- Histamine
Function:
- Activate pepsin
- kill bacteria
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2
Q

Function of ECL cells

A 
Secrete:
- Histamine
Stimulated by:
- Acetylcholine
- Gastrin
Function:
- Stimulate gastric acid secretion
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3
Q

Function of Chief Cells

A 
Secrete:
- pepsinogen
- gastric lipase
Stimulated by:
- Acetylcholine
- Acid Secretion
Function:
- Break down proteins
- Break down lipids
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4
Q

Function of D Cells

A 
Secrete:
- Somatostatin
Stimulated by:
- Stomach acid
Function:
- Inhibit gastric acid secretion
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5
Q

Function of G Cells

A 
Secrete:
- Gastrin
Stimulated by:
- Acetylcholine
- Peptides
- Amino Acids
Function:
- Stimulate gastric acid secretion
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6
Q

Regulation of stomach function in the cephalic phase is different than the gastric phase because?

A

Cephalic phase stimulates:
G cells + Parietal Cells + ECL cells
Gastric phase stimulates:
G cells only

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7
Q

Function of Secretin

A

Produced by cells lining the duodenum in response to acid in the stomach

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8
Q

What is secretin’s pathway?

A

IN: enters pancreas via arterial blood supply
OUT: exits pancreas via duct

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9
Q

Long Reflexes vs. Short Reflexes of the GI tract?

A 
LONG: 
- Controlled by CNS
- Regulated by GI activity
- Use Feedforward
- Control cephalic phase
SHORT:
- Controlled by ENS
- Regulate motility & secretion
- Use Feedback
- Control gastric phase
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10
Q

Intestine inhibits secretion of gastrin with?

A

CCK
GLP-1
Secretin

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11
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A

Provide gall bladder stimulation

Pancreatic enzyme secretion

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12
Q

What hormones cause insulin to be released?

A

GIP
GLP-1
Preparing for glucose

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13
Q

Target of insulin vs glucagon

A

Insulin:
Striated muscle, adipose & liver
Glucagon:
Liver

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14
Q

Where do sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibres originate?

A

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

lateral horn of grey matter

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15
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

neurosurgeon treating epilepsy

Creating maps of sensory and motor areas of the brain

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16
Q

Merkel’s Disk

A

superficial
small
slow
Sustained fine touch

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17
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

superficial
small
fast
change in fine touch

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18
Q

Ruffini’s Corpuscle

A

deep
large
slow
sustained gross touch

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19
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

deep
large
fast
vibration

20
Q

Consensual pupil response

A

Light shining into left eye
Split at the optic chasm
Travels down both optic tracts
Midbrain controls reflex to constrict/dilate pupils

21
Q

Macula

A

Heavily pigmented area

Where all optic nerves leave

22
Q

What retinal cells generate AP’s?

A

Ganglion cells

23
Q

Which photoreceptor cells have the higher acuity and lower convergence?

A

Cones

24
Q

Dark Current

A

Opsins (GPCR) not active = cation channels open
Influx of Na, Ca = cell depolarization
Cell releases NT when no light stimulus is occurring

25
Q

What is unique about the renal circulation?

A

Two capillaries connected with arteriole blood vessel - not the usual venous connection

26
Q

Where does the majority of reabsorption occur in the nephron?

A

Proximal tubule

27
Q

Filtration Fraction

A

% of blood plasma that is filtered into the tubules

Typically 20%

28
Q

GFR changes with blood pressure

A

GFR stays constant for BP between 80-180

29
Q

What is the main regulator of GFR?

A

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

30
Q

What causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

A

High BP
Paracrine factors released by macula densa as a result of high NaCl passing through
Extreme drop in pressure from dehydration / bleeding

31
Q

What are the macula densa and what are their function?

A

Modified tubular epithelium between afferent and efferent arterioles
Release paracrine factors as a result of high [NaCl] passing by + high GFR

32
Q

What are the granular cells and what are their function?

A

Smooth muscle cells that secrete renin for Na balance

33
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Kidneys only receive sympathetic innvervation

A

True

34
Q

What part of the nephron tubule is part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a) renal pelvis
b) collecting duct where it joins the ureter
c) ascending loop of Henle where it connects with the distal tubule
d) proximal tubule where it connects the descending loop of Henle
e) descending loop of Henle where it connects to the ascending loop

A

c) ascending loop of Henle where it connects with the distal tubule
It wraps back around, as the proximal tubule - descending loop as on the other side of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

35
Q

Glucose reabsorption across the epithelium of the proximal tubule is accomplished by:

a) transport across the apical membrane against its concentration gradient, coupled with Na+
b) transport across the apical membrane down its concentration gradient, coupled with Na+
c) facilitated diffusion across the basolateral membrane down its concentration gradient

A

A and C
apical = lumen
basolateral = interstitial fluid

Glucose HIGH in the proximal cells
Glucose LOW on the two sides

36
Q

Why would GFR stop?

A

low blood volume

conservation of blood

37
Q

How does the firing rate of osmoreceptors increase?

A

increase in plasma osmolarity = shrinking = increase firing = release of vasopressin

38
Q

How does the firing rate of osmoreceptors decrease?

A

decrease in plasma osmolarity = expansion = decrease firing

39
Q

What does vasopressin cause?

A

increased expression of aquaporins on the apical (lumen) membrane of the collecting duct of the nephron

40
Q

What is vasopressin’s main goal?

A

Save water

41
Q

What causes vasopressin to be released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

high plasma osmolarity = high salt concentration in ECF

low blood volume / pressure

42
Q

In response to increased plasma osmolarity, central osmoreceptors would?

A

shrink and increase firing rate

43
Q

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water

a) in the presence of vasopressin
b) never
c) in the presence of aldosterone
d) always

A

never

only permeable to ions to ensure osmolarity gradient in renal medulla

44
Q

What are loop diuretics?

A

inhibit Na K transport in ascending loop to prevent water reabsorption by descending loop
Preventing concentrated urine

45
Q

What is aldosterone’s main goal?

A

Save Sodium!

46
Q

Where does aldosterone takes its effects on the nephron?

A

Distal nephron

BIO 373 (1 decks)

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